2). Jan 22, 3:15PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm along Interstate 95 just west of Pompano Beach, Florida. The storm was also part of an area of convergence well ahead of a cold front. A small portion of the storm was contacted where winds gusting to 45-MPH and heavy rains were encountered. A few miles farther east, some damage from 60-MPH winds was reported by a construction crew. The storm was chased by a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup and was caused by an area of instability ahead of a strong cold front with favorable upper air conditions.

3). Feb 2, 2:00 PM - Observation of heavy seas at the Deerfield Municipal fishing pier in Deerfield Beach, Florida. Conditions were sustained on shore East to Southeast winds of about 35-MPH with higher gusts. Wind driven waves about 12 feet high were observed breaking as high as the end of the pier. Conditions were mostly cloudy at the time but no rain was present. Tides were also observed a couple of feet above normal with some beach erosion. A high-pressure area to the east and a developing gale center in the Gulf Of Mexico to the west allowed the storms to develop. A tornado watch was also just issued for the area until 8PM. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used in the land observation of the sea conditions. Documentation was still photos.

4). Feb 2, 7:30 PM - Possible tornado observation about 15 miles southwest of Miami, Florida near Tamiami trail and the Florida Turnpike. A sudden wind shift from 50-MPH east winds to west with a loud roaring noise was observed. Flash fires as power lines were hit by the possible tornado also were observed. The event lasted only about a minute. This was observed on the backside of a strong to severe thunderstorm, well ahead of a squall line, which moved over Miami and further north with a history of scattered tornadic damage. Little documentation was available, because this happened at night, with a camcorder. A strong low-pressure area, energized by an unusually strong El Niño based subtropical jet stream, and squall line containing supercell thunderstorms caused the possible tornado. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 8PM. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to observe the storms.

5). Feb 2, 8:00 PM - Direct penetration of a large and very severe thunderstorm near Kendall and Coral Gables, Florida near Tamiami trail. This storm was an HP supercell thunderstorm embedded in a powerful squall line moving through southern Florida. This storm contained frequent lightning with close hits, some small hail, violent rains, and most of all, winds gusting anywhere from 70 to near 100-MPH. The severe conditions were reported promptly to the NWS office at 8:10 PM from the storm core. Numerous downed trees, power lines, and structural damage to buildings was observed in the path of this storm. Heavy street flooding and nearly every block without power was also observed with this storm. The storm also moved northward spawning possible tornadoes, and passed over Miami International Airport where 104-MPH winds were measured. Some cars and a large bus was also observed trapped under or near fallen trees. The tornado from this storm was not directly intercepted. After penetration, the supercell storm was followed from Dade county into Fort Lauderdale but was moving too fast, about 50-MPH, for another core observation. The storm moved offshore near Hollywood and Dania. The storms were part of a powerful prefrontal anomaly associated with a very strong low-pressure area in the Gulf Of Mexico. A region of strong surface convergence with a subtropical jet stream / jet streak overhead coupled with very unstable air allowed the severe outbreak to occur. This storm outbreak involved a strong F2 tornado which caused extensive damage just north of this chase track the severe winds were probably associated with the mesocyclone or rear-flank downdraft. This chase was extremely dangerous! A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area and extended until 2 AM.

6). Feb 6, 10:00 PM - Penetration of strong squall line with strong and severe thunderstorms crossing Florida in western Broward County. Lightning and rain showers were encountered with winds gusting over 50-MPH. A severe thunderstorm cell was passed during penetration of the outflow boundary where a sudden change in winds and sharp drop temperature was encountered. The squall line was near a gale center of low-pressure crossing Florida at the time. A strong subtropical jet stream was also present aloft. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

7). Feb 16, 10:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm just west of Fort Lauderdale, Florida along Alligator Alley just west of highway 27. The storm had lightning, heavy rains, and winds gusting to about 40-MPH. The storm was on the leading edge of a cluster of thunderstorms ahead of an area of convergence near a low-pressure system in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. A strong subtropical jet stream was also aloft. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to observe the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until about 12 AM.

8). Feb 23, 7:00 AM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms near University Drive and Oakland Park Blvd in Lauderhill, Florida. The strong storms had lightning, very heavy rains, and winds gusting to about 45-MPH. This storm was part of a squall line of thunderstorms moving across Florida, the same line that produced devastating tornadoes in the Orlando area in central Florida several hours before. A subtropical jet stream aloft with a cold front at the surface caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase them.

9). Mar 9, 6:00 AM - Direct penetration of the circulation center of a strong F1 tornado crossing Interstate 95 just south of Hollywood Blvd near Hallandale, Florida. The tornado was on the southwest side of a powerful thunderstorm, possibly an HP supercell, embedded in a squall line. Extreme winds began blowing from the east with a violent shift to the west, while a tractor-trailer went flying across the road. Power was knocked out by the storm with numerous power flashes observed. Airborne tree debris also was observed. In between the sudden shift in winds was an area of "calm" about 10 yards wide, which passed across I 95 from the west at about 45-MPH, the same speed Miami Doppler radar was tracking the mesocyclone associated with the storm. The storm also caused heavy tree and roof damage in that same area. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase this storm, which was lifted partially as the tornado "eye" passed over. Documentation was a camcorder, in which the video of the truck overturning was submitted to WSVN local Channel 7 news as well as some other media firms. Conditions causing this storm was an area of convergence ahead of a strong cold front with an unusually strong subtropical jet stream aloft. Veering of winds with height also enhanced storm helicity. The storms were also promptly reported to the Miami weather service office. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 7 AM.

10). Mar 9, 6:30 AM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm moving across Hollywood, Florida along Interstate 95 near Pembroke Road. This storm was part of a strong squall line which produced at least three tornadoes, one of which was intercepted directly. This storm was just behind the tornadic storm intercepted earlier, and contained at least 60 to 65-MPH winds, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm was part of a squall line developing under a strong subtropical jet stream ahead of a cold front. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 7 AM.

11). Mar 20, 12:30 AM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Plantation, Florida near Broward Blvd and University Drive. The storm was part of a nearly multi-cell line of severe thunderstorms and contained frequent lightning, torrential rains, and winds around 60-MPH. On radar, the storms appeared as a large "bow echo". This storm was just below the "bow". A region of convergence well ahead of a frontal system, warm unstable air, and a strong subtropical jet stream aloft allowed the storms to develop. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

12). Mar 21, 1:00 AM - Track down and direct penetration of another very severe thunderstorm near Pompano Beach, Florida. After penetration of an earlier severe storm, the chase track preceded northward towards the "rotating head" cell on the northern side of the "bow" pattern. From near Copans and Sample roads and Interstate 95, very strong westerly winds were encountered which gusted at times in excess of 70-MPH. Numerous power flashes also were observed as the strong winds tore up power lines. This thunderstorm also contained rotation on a broad scale, but no tornadoes were produced. The near supercell storm also had frequent lightning and extremely heavy rains (up to four inches). Damage observed was power lines and utility poles blown down, signs and trees down, and some roof or structural damage to buildings. Heavy flooding was also observed. The storm was also reported to a police officer just after core penetration. The storm was caused by a strong outflow boundary associated with a solid line of severe thunderstorms beneath a strong subtropical jet stream aloft. Documentation was still photos. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

13). Apr 30, 5:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Highway 27 and Interstate 595 in the western Fort Lauderdale area, Florida. The storm was a single cell storm, which contained slight rotation at one point prior to interception. Heavy rains, occasional lightning, and winds gusting to about 35-MPH were observed in the storm. An observation of the inflow side of the storm was made to check for any rotation, but no tornadic activity was observed. The storm was observed with a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup. Conditions causing the storms were a low-pressure trough, subtropical jet stream aloft, and warm unstable air.

14). May 1, 6:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm moving offshore of Boca Raton and Deerfield Beach, Florida. The storm was penetrated where lightning, heavy rain, and 30-MPH winds were found. The storm intensified rapidly as it moved over the coastal waters where it could not be penetrated. The strongest winds, gusting to about 40-MPH, were found just south of this storm behind the outflow boundary. An advancing cold front to the west, a subtropical jet stream aloft, and unstable air caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase them.

15). May 4, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along highway 27 about 10 miles north of Interstate 595 in western sections of Broward and Palm Beach, Florida. The storm was part of a line of thunderstorms forming in moist unstable air. The storm contained frequent lightning, 60-MPH wind gusts, small hail, and torrential rains. The storm was also followed eastward into Broward county where it weakened slightly to strong intensity. The storm caused power outages and flooding in some areas. The storm was reported to the Miami weather service office. Unstable air, an upper trough, and outflow boundary produced the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup chased the storms. Documentation was still photos.

16). May 4, 7:30 PM - Indirect observation of another severe thunderstorm over Miami, Florida while heading south on Interstate 95. The multi-cell storm contained hail and high winds but its core was not intercepted. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, frequent lightning, and 35-MPH winds on the northern fringes of the storm cluster. As Interstate 95 was shut down due to severe traffic, the chase had to be aborted. The storm moved several miles south of the chase track across southern Miami then out to sea. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

17). May 5, 6:30 PM - Brief but direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Fort Lauderdale, Florida near Sunrise Blvd and A1A. The storm was followed from Coral Springs well to the northwest of the Fort Lauderdale area until it moved southeastwards out to sea. The multi-cell storm became severe with 60-MPH winds, hail to about ½ inches, frequent lightning, and extremely heavy rains. Flooding, trees down, and power outages were also observed. Documentation of the storm was a camcorder. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase them. The storms were caused by surface heating, outflow boundary, and a trough of low-pressure.

18). May 6, 5:30 PM - Direct penetration of the late stages of a severe thunderstorm in Miami, Florida near Opa Locka. The possible HP supercell storm had a funnel cloud prior to penetration with a weak rotation on its updraft side. The storm core was briefly encountered with 55-MPH winds, hail to about ½ inches, frequent lightning, and extremely heavy rains. Flooding, trees down, and power outages were also observed. This rather frustrating chase went through a highly populated region of Miami during rush hour traffic. Documentation of the storm was a camcorder. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough and surface heating. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase them.

19). June 1, 5:30 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms near Boca Raton and Deerfield Beach, Florida along State Road 7 near Glades Road. Wind gusts to about 40-MPH and very heavy rains were observed in this multi-cell storm. Surface heating and a weak low-pressure trough caused the storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase them.

20). June 24, 5:15 PM - Penetration of strong to marginally severe thunderstorms along Highway 27 in inland sections of Palm Beach County, Florida. The storms were part of a multi-cell cluster and contained 45 to 50-MPH winds, torrential rains, dime to nickel sized hail, and frequent lightning with close hits. The storms formed in unstable air and were triggered by sea breeze activity and an outflow boundary. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

21). June 25, 5:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near northern Margate, Florida near State Road 7 and Sample Road. The pulse type storm core contained torrential rains, 45 to 50-MPH winds, and frequent lightning with numerous close hits. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of storms. Unfortunately, a woman was killed instantly in Miramar further south from a lightning strike in a similar storm. The storms were caused by sea breeze activity and a low-pressure trough. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

22). June 28, 4:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm west of Weston, Florida near Highway 27 and Interstate 595. The storm was on the southwest side of a multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 40 to 45-MPH winds. The lightning caused a small brush fire in the everglades. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms, which were caused by surface heating and an upper trough. Documentation was a camcorder.

23). June 29, 4:00 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm about 5 miles west of Delray Beach, Florida along State Road 7. Conditions encountered were 50-MPH winds, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. The storm had a well-developed inflow at one point, but maintained multi-cell cluster characteristics. Strong microbursts with this storm were observed but were not penetrated. Surface heating and an upper trough allowed the storms to develop. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

24). June 30, 5:00 PM - Penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm along State Road 7 north of Clint Moore Road just west of Delray Beach, Florida. The storm contained frequent lightning, torrential rains, and winds gusting 50 to 55-MPH. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of thunderstorms. One storm spawned a weak tornado in Fort Lauderdale further south. The tornado was not observed. Conditions causing the storm were an upper trough, outflow boundary, and surface heating. The storm was also reported to the NWS Office in Miami. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

25). July 1, 5:30 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm in the Coral Springs and Tamarac area in Broward County, Florida near University Drive and Southgate Boulevard. The storm was a multi-cell storm with a persistent updraft on its southern side. Frequent lightning with close hits, 40 to 45-MPH winds, small hail, and torrential rains were found in this storm. The storm caused street flooding, tree and minor roof damage in isolated areas. The storm was caused by sea breeze activity and a weak trough of low-pressure. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

26). July 7, 2:00 PM - Penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Jog Road and Atlantic Avenue in Delray Beach, Florida. The multi-cell pulse type storm produced frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, small hail, and winds gusting around 55-MPH. The short-lived storm was also reported to the NWS Office in Miami. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm, which was caused by sea breezes and a low-pressure trough.

27). July 7, 3:00 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of the northern fringes of a severe thunderstorm. The storm was located over eastern Broward County, Florida and was developing northward. During the late mature stage of the well-developed multi-cell storm, the northern portion of the storm updraft and outflow region was encountered near Coconut Creek Parkway and Banks Road in Coconut Creek. Winds gusted to about 45-MPH with lightning and very heavy rains. The storm core, further south, contained hail up to ¾ inch but was not penetrated directly. During external observation, the storm tower exhibited a full domed anvil with slight knuckling and back shearing. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms, which were caused by a low-pressure trough and sea breeze activity.

28). July 8, 1:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm in the Tamarac and North Lauderdale area, Florida near State Road 7 and Mc Nab Road. The storm contained frequent lightning with close hits, very heavy rain, and winds around 45-MPH. The storm was caused by sea breeze activity and a weak trough of low-pressure. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

29). July 8, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a very strong to possibly severe thunderstorm along State Road 7 near Boynton Beach, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell line of storms developing along an outflow boundary moving eastward. One cell in this line approached severe limits, with lightning, torrential rains, and winds gusting up to 55-MPH. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms, which was caused by surface heating, a weak low-pressure trough, and an outflow boundary. Documentation was a camcorder.

30). Aug 3, 5:30 PM - Observation of a tornado on the ground about 10 to 15 miles southwest of the west end of Griffith road in the Florida Everglades. A visible funnel was observed on the Northwest side of a possible HP supercell type storm. The funnel extended from the storm base to the ground with a small debris cloud. Fortunately, the tornado occurred over unpopulated areas. The HP storm moved northwards and was penetrated along Interstate 75 about 10 miles west of Highway 27, after losing its tornadic characteristics. This storm, as it evolved into a multi-cell type storm, contained ½ inch hail, frequent lightning with close hits, extremely heavy rains, and 60 to 70-MPH winds. Outflow from this storm produced an outflow boundary which spread eastwards into Weston and Davie, where more hail and strong winds were encountered as more severe cells developed. Tree damage and flooding was observed with this storm, along with power outages. The storm was caused by a low-pressure trough and sea breeze activity. A cap was also in place allowing storms to develop late in the day with afternoon heating. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still photos of the HP storm and tornado. The tornado was also reported to the Miami NWS forecast office.

31). Aug 3, 7:30 PM - Direct penetration of another severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Rock Island Road in Tamarac, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell line which contained 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning with close hits, and extremely heavy rains. Heavy street flooding occurred with this storm. The tornado with this storm was not intercepted or observed. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. An outflow boundary moving in from the west caused the line of storms to develop aggravated by sea breeze activity and a low-pressure trough.

32). Aug 4, 5:00 PM - Direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm just north of Weston, Florida along Interstate 595. The storm was a multi-cell storm, nearing HP supercell status, which back-built from the Everglades just west or Coral Springs, southward as far as Miramar. The most intense core conditions were encountered along Interstate 595 and in Weston. Frequent to continuous lightning with numerous close hits, torrential rains, ½ to ¾ inch hail, and wind gusting over 70 MPH were encountered. The storm was reported to the Miami NWS forecast office as 4:48 PM. The storm lasted over two hours, and caused heavy street flooding, downed trees, and power outages. A small funnel cloud was also spawned in the updraft area just east of Weston but was not observed. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. The storms were caused by sea breeze activity, a low-pressure trough, and slight cap which broke late in the day.

33). Aug 5, 5:45 PM - Observation of weak rope type tornado and direct penetration of its parent severe thunderstorm along Highway 27 about 5 miles north of Interstate 595 in western sections of Broward County, Florida. The tornado or funnel was a long rope like vortex extending half way down to the ground from the cloud inflow base on the south side of the storm. As this multi-cell to near supercell type storm was penetrated, 60 to 65-MPH winds, hail to ¾ inch, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with close hits was encountered. At one point, the inflow side of the storm took on a saucer type appearance indicating a possible mesocyclone. Two outflow boundaries, one from the north, the other from the south, converged forming a triple point where explosive thunderstorm development occurred. A low-pressure trough and surface heating with a weak cap allowed the storms to develop late in the day. The storm remained away from the populated areas to the south and east. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder.

34). Aug 13, 5:00 PM - Observation and penetration of strong thunderstorms in Boynton Beach, Florida west of Interstate 95 near Jog Road. The storms were part of a multi-cell storm cluster and contained vary heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and 40-MPH winds. A 50-MPH wind gust was encountered prior to entry into the storm cluster as the gust front was penetrated. The storms also caused flooding and power outages. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. A weak low-pressure trough and surface heating produced the storms.

35). Aug 14, 5:00 PM - Direct penetration of a small but very strong to severe thunderstorm along Sample Road in eastern Coral Springs, Florida. The pulse type storm was part of a cluster of thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning with close hits, very heavy rain, small hail from ¼ to ½-inch and wind gusting from 50 to 55-MPH. The short-lived storm was caused by a low-pressure trough and sea breeze activity. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder. The storm conditions was also reported to the Miami NWS forecast office.

36). Aug 14, 6:30 PM - Direct penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Interstate 95 and Sheridan Street in Hallandale, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of thunderstorms that developed along an outflow boundary from earlier storms farther north. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rain, and wind gusting from 50 to 55-MPH. The storm also caused street flooding, tree damage, and power outages. Documentation was a camcorder. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

37). Sep 25, 12-9 AM - Indirect penetration and observation of the outer effects of a category 2 hurricane, Georges, in the Miami Dade regions of Florida from Florida City to North Miami Beach. The eye of the hurricane brushed the southern keys and Key West with 100-MPH winds, unfortunately, the storm core was not observable because the Florida Keys were shut down to all traffic during the storm. The storms effects were observed in Florida City near highway US-1 for several hours. Some feeder bands and thunderstorms passed through that area with torrential rains, lightning, and winds gusting over 70-MPH. Outside these thunderstorms, winds were anywhere from 30 to 50-MPH. At daybreak, an observation of the beaches was done in South Beach, Miami. Winds here were sustained at over 45 MPH with extremely rough surf. Damage observed was numerous downed trees, some sign damage, power outages, and flooding. The core of the hurricane remained south of the area and was not penetrated. The hurricane was a classic Cape Verde African system with tore a devastating path across the Caribbean from Puerto Rico to the Gulf Of Mexico. At one point, the hurricane was close to category 5 strength near the Windward Islands. The storm weakened as it moved over land in the Caribbean before moving into the Florida Straits off the Cuban coast. A guest Jose Chong accompanied in this observation. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the hurricane. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A tornado watch, hurricane warning, and high wind warning were all in effect for the areas observed.

38). Nov 4, 9 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms in Dade County, Florida south of Miami along Highway US 1. The thunderstorms were part of a storm cluster adjacent to a HP supercell storm. The supercell, spawned a tornado which hit Key Largo farther south. This storm was not penetrated because it moved rapidly offshore. The strong thunderstorms encountered contained heavy rains, 40-MPH winds, and lightning. Some street flooding was observed with the storms. The storms were caused by abundant moisture well east of tropical storm Mitch along with a moderate subtropical jet stream aloft that allowed the winds to veer with height. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM.

39). Nov 5, 7-9 AM - Observation, interception, and penetration of the circulation center of tropical storm Mitch as it crossed over the Florida peninsula. Mitch began as a devastating hurricane in the Caribbean and Central America for more than a week. Finally, the tropical storm moved north into the Gulf of Mexico, and came ashore south of Fort Meyers, Florida. Mitch then quickly crossed Florida as a 55-MPH tropical storm before re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean off Jupiter, Florida. A chase track from well to the eastern side of the storm center was made along Interstate 595. The east portion had 50 MPH south to southeast winds and moderate rains with gusts to 70 MPH. Very heavy rain, trees and power lines down, and flooding were also observed on this side of the storm. The storm center or "eye" was encountered near the Big Cypress Swamp along Interstate 595 where partly sunny skies and light and variable winds were encountered. West of this region, the western side of the center was encountered, where moderate to heavy rains and 45 to 50-MPH north to northwest winds quickly replaced the calm conditions. The chase track then turned back to the east and crossed the storm center again, exiting it on the weaker southeastern side. Upon leaving the storm center, winds resumed from the south to southwest at 30 to 40 MPH with light rains. This is because the storm was feeling the effects from being over land. Documentation of the storm was still photos. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to penetrate Tropical Mitch.

Summary - This concludes the 1998 chase season. The summary includes a total of 39 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 20 severe thunderstorms were involved, 11 strong thunderstorms, 5 Tornadoes, 2 tropical systems, and a coastal observation. Of the five tornadoes observed, one was one of the worst to hit Dade County and another whose circulation center was directly penetrated while a truck was tossed across the roadway! Of the two tropical systems observed an indirect penetration of Hurricane Georges and the other a direct penetration through the center of Tropical Storm Mitch. This season was affected by the worst El Niño of the century. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used in all 39 observations.

2). Jan 9, 12:30 AM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near western sections of Miami, Florida along SW 8 street east of Krome Avenue. A cluster of strong thunderstorms developing ahead of a cold front crossed the everglades into Dade County. A small pulse type cell was penetrated where lightning, heavy rains, and winds gusting to about 40 MPH were encountered. A cold front and trough of low pressure produced the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase them. Documentation was a camcorder.

3). March 3, 1:00 PM - Penetration of outflow region of the northern edge of an active squall line bow echo pattern. In the Hialeah area, near Hialeah Park Racetrack, a region of 50-MPH winds with light rain was found with occasionally heavier rains. Flying debris and dust was observed with the gust front passage and some signs were damaged by the winds. This was a strong thunderstorm cell on the northern edge of the squall line. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. An advancing cold front with a short wave disturbance moving along the subtropical jet stream.

4). April 27, 4:30 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Highway 27 near the Florida Turnpike in Northwest Miami-Dade County, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of storms moving out of the Everglades from the southwest. The storm penetrated had winds over 35 MPH near its gust front, very heavy rains, and lightning. A small fire was observed being started by lightning along the side of highway 27. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. A low-pressure trough and upper trough caused the storms. The storms penetrated were part of a multi-cell storm cluster that contained some severe storms.

5). April 28, 3:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm just west of Interstate 75 near Miramar Parkway in Miramar, Florida. The storm was a large severe thunderstorm that was part of a multi-cell cluster of thunderstorms moving eastward from the Everglades to the west. Conditions in the core of this near supercell storm were torrential rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, hail at or exceeding 3/4 inch, and winds over 60 MPH. Power outages and downed trees were observed with this storm, which was also reported to the Miami NWS office. A funnel cloud was also observed on the southwest side of this storm prior to penetration. A low-pressure trough and daytime heating caused the storms, which were chased with a 1998 dodge Dakota Pickup. Documentation was still photos.

6). April 29, 10:00 PM - Direct but brief penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Sunrise Boulevard along Interstate 95 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The brief, fast-moving storm packed winds over 55 MPH, frequent lightning with close hits, and torrential rains. The core conditions were reported to the Miami NWS forecast office before the storms moved offshore to the east. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms, which were caused by a low-pressure trough and outflow boundary.

7). May 8, 6:15 PM - Penetration of a very strong thunderstorm about 5 miles west of Highway 27 along Alligator Alley (Interstate 75) in Western Broward County, Florida. The storm packed winds gusting over 50 MPH, dime sized hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. One close strike started a fire in the everglades. The storm’s core conditions were reported to the Miami NWS forecast office. The storms were observed using a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A trough of low pressure aloft and surface heating produced the storms.

8). May 9, 5:30 PM - Penetration of a another strong thunderstorm about 10 miles west of Highway 27 along Interstate 75 in Western Broward County, Florida. The storm packed winds gusting over 50 MPH, torrential rains, and frequent lightning. The storms were observed using a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup. Documentation was a camcorder. A trough of low pressure aloft and surface heating produced the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM.

9). May 12, 3:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm from Miami Gardens Drive and Interstate 95 to NW 103 Street in Miami, Florida. The storm began near Interstate 95 where frequent lightning and ¾ Inch hail was observed. The storm back-built southwestwards into Hialeah and Miami Springs as a large multi-cell thunderstorm where hail to 1 inch was observed with torrential rains and winds over 60 MPH. The storm knocked out power, downed trees, and caused heavy street flooding. A small tree fire was also observed from a lightning hit. This storm was one of many severe thunderstorms to develop over southern Florida due to surface heating and a low-pressure area aloft. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 7 PM.

10). May 13, 7:30 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of a severe thunderstorm over Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A strong to severe thunderstorm was observed from a distance in the Everglades near Highway 27 at about 6:30 PM. The storm was not penetrated, but after it dissipated, an outflow boundary moved eastwards. 30 to 40 MPH winds were observed with the gust front, which was followed southeastwards to the Fort Lauderdale area. The outflow boundary produced a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms along the coast that quickly moved offshore. Frequent lightning and heavy rains were observed on the western fringes of this storm. This storm was also not penetrated directly. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to observe the storms.

11). May 18, 5:15PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Miami international Airport and Le Jeune Road in Miami, Florida. The multi-cell to near supercell storm was penetrated from the northeastern side where heavy rain, frequent lightning with close hits, 40-MPH winds, and hail up to dime sized was observed. A small rotating wall cloud was observed on the south side of the storm in its rain-free updraft base. A small funnel cloud was observed with this wall cloud. The core of the storm was not directly penetrated and was never reached due to severe traffic problems. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. An upper trough of low-pressure and surface heating caused the storms.

12). May 19, 2:30 PM - Direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Hialeah, Florida near le Jeune road southward into Miami near Miami International Airport. The multi-cell to near supercell storm contained heavy showers of hail at least ¾ inches, torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and winds gusting over 70 MPH. The storm continued back-building southward as its core was repeatedly penetrated. The core conditions were promptly called into the Miami National Weather Service Forecast Office. Heavy flooding, trees down, and power outages were observed with this storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still photos. A trough of low pressure, cold air aloft, and surface heating caused the storms.

13). May 20, 1:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Hialeah, Florida along Le Jeune road. Very heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, 40-MPH winds, and small hail was observed with this storm. The storm caused some minor street flooding and power outages. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. A weak low-pressure trough and surface heating caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

14). June 10, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm just west of Interstate 75 and north of Miramar Parkway in western sections of Broward County, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell storm cluster where one cell became intense with some supercell features such as a wall cloud and brief funnel cloud. The storm packed 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning with close hits, and torrential rains when it was penetrated. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms, which were caused by surface heating and a weak upper trough.

15). June 23, 3:00 PM - External observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Miami International Airport, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell storm cluster that back-built northwards from farther south. Conditions observed were frequent lightning, 30-MPH winds, and light to moderate rain. The storm core was not penetrated and the chase needed to be aborted due to traffic problems. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. A weak trough of low pressure and daytime heating allowed the storms to develop.

16). Aug 1, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm just east if the Palmetto expressway in Hialeah, Florida. The multi-cell storm contained lightning, heavy rains, and winds gusting to about 45 MPH. Street flooding and some signs blown over were observed with this storm. Surface heating and moist unstable air caused the storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

17). Aug 2, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near the Miami / Hialeah area and 103 Street. The storm began as a multi-cell storm developing along an outflow boundary from dissipating severe storms in Broward county farther north. The strongest cell encountered in the area observed contained winds gusting around 35 MPH, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. Street flooding was observed with this storm. Surface heating, a very weak upper trough, and moist unstable air caused the storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

18). Aug 3, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a very strong to severe thunderstorm in western sections of Dade County, Florida to the Northeast of Krome Avenue and SW 8 Street. The storm was on the south side of a line of thunderstorms and produced a tornado a few miles south of the area observed. A tornado warning was valid with this storm until 5:35 PM. The tornado was not observed, but a large wall cloud and rain-free base was encountered with this near HP supercell type storm. The wall cloud also produced a brief small funnel cloud. Conditions in the core of the storm has small hail, frequent lightning, extremely heavy rains, and winds gusting over 50 MPH. Surface heating and an upper level trough caused the storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to observe the storm.

19). Aug 11, 5:30 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near northwestern sections of Miami, Florida along Interstate 75 just south of the Florida Turnpike. The storm was part a multi-cell storm and contained winds gusting up to 50 MPH, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. Surface heating, a weak upper trough, and moist unstable air caused the storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

20). Aug 20, 2:30 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Davie, Florida near the intersection of Interstate 595 and University Drive. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of storms developing along the sea breeze convergence line. The storm core was penetrated from the Southeast in Davie then again from the East in Pompano Beach near Interstate 95 as it moved to the Northeast. Conditions observed were winds over 60 MPH, frequent lightning with close hits, and torrential rains. The updraft region was also watched before executing the second core-punch in Pompano. Some power was knocked out by the storm and tree damage was observed. A triple point of an outflow boundary triggered the severe cell in this line. A weak low-pressure trough and daytime heating provided the instability. Documentation was still photos. The severe storm was reported to the Miami NWS forecast office. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

21). Aug 21, 9:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm in western areas of Deerfield Beach, Florida along Loxahatchee Road. The multi-cell storm contained frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and winds up to 45 MPH. Some street flooding was also observed with this storm. Left over daytime heating and a weak low-pressure trough allowed the storm to develop. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

22). Aug 31, 3:30 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm in Miami, Florida near NW 103 Street and NW 32 Avenue. The multi-cell storm contained frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and winds up to 50 MPH. Some street flooding was also observed with this storm. Daytime heating and a weak low-pressure trough allowed the storm to develop. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

23). Sept 1, 7:00 PM - Observation of heavy northeasterly swells affecting the Palm Beach area, Florida along A1A. Swells with breaking waves from 8 to 10 feet were observed along the Delray and Boynton Beaches. In Palm Beach, south of Lake Worth inlet, breakers over 12 feet were observed. Weather was sunny with fair skies. The swells were generated by a hurricane, Dennis, which was a few hundred miles to the Northeast of the area. Some beach erosion was observed. All observations were from the shoreline using a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup. Unfortunately, the observation was rudely aborted when I was ticketed and nearly arrested for obstructing traffic while pulling over in Palm Beach to photograph the breakers! Documentation was a camcorder and still photos.

24). Sept 14, 6:00 PM - Observation of coastal conditions during Hurricane Flood’s closest approach to the Florida East Coast. The Hurricane, with 155-MPH winds, was over the Northwestern Bahamas causing extreme damage at the time of the observation, about 200 miles to the east. Conditions observed were waves over 10 feet and tides a couple of feet above normal. Winds at Boynton Beach, Florida were about 40-MPH out of the North with higher gusts during rain showers. In West Palm Beach, high tides caused water to cover docks at some marinas. Beach erosion and power outages were also observed. Floyd turned north, sparing Florida from an extreme disaster. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used for land observations, while a 1998 Sea Doo GSX watercraft was used to observe the waves. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A hurricane warning was also in effect for the area observed.

25). Sept 21, ALL DAY - Observation, interception, and penetration of tropical storm Harvey as it crossed southern Florida. This long chase, logging over 520 miles started at 1:30 AM with a trip to Fort Meyers, Florida when Harvey was 60 MPH 100 Miles to the west in the Gulf of Mexico. Light to moderate rains and 30-MPH winds were encountered at this point. Anticipating Harvey becoming a hurricane, the chase went south to Naples, Florida as the storm track jogged east then southeast. Harvey acquired a poorly defined center with 50 -MPH winds instead. Conditions in Naples were 20 to 30-MPH southeast winds with 5 to 6 foot waves. About 10 inches of rain caused heavy street flooding in some areas of Naples. The storm chase track then went east to Broward and Dade along Interstate 75 then west again along Tamiami Trail. By about 12 Noon, winds gusting to 50 MPH were found from the south with moderate rain near Forty-Mile bend. A large thunderstorm was observed with frequent lightning in this area. The poorly defined center was penetrated where winds decreased to about 10 MPH towards the Marco Island area. The chase track then turned back eastward along Tamiami Trail re-penetrating the region of 50-MPH south winds. Some tree damage was also observed in this area. The chase track returned to the Fort Lauderdale area by 2:30 PM. The remnants of the poorly organized storm center eventually reached the Fort Lauderdale are by 5 PM. All deep convection with this storm occurred southeast of its center. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the tropical storm. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A tropical storm warning was in effect for all areas observed. A hurricane watch was in effect for the Florida West coast before Harvey made landfall south of Naples.

26). Oct 15, ALL DAY - Well-documented observation, interception, and penetration of moderate to strong category one hurricane Irene from the Florida Keys through south Florida. This chase logged over 475 miles starting at 6:30 AM with a trip down US Highway 1 to Key West. Squalls and high winds were encountered until 8:30 AM. From 8:30 to 9:30 AM, the eyewall of the storm was penetrated, where southeast winds gusted over 75 MPH with extremely heavy rains. These conditions were reported to the NWS Office in Miami and relayed to the NWS in Key West. After 9:30 AM, the eye was entered near Key West. Winds decreased to light and variable with partly cloudy skies. Tides along the coast were 3 to 5 feet above normal and flooding was heavy, with seaweed covering Roosevelt Road. Street flooding was 2 to 3 feet in some places from rainfall. From 11:30 AM to 1:30 PM the chase continued back up US Highway 1 where the eye was exited near Big Pine Key. Winds quickly increased back to 75 MPH from the south with light to moderate rains. Storm surge was also observed causing damage to marinas and flooding roadways. Several observations were made near Marathon and Grassey Key. Highest winds in these areas were over 85 MPH. The chase continued through the upper keys around 3 PM where 70 to 75 MPH southeast winds and torrential rains were encountered. Winds and rain decreased in Florida City as the eyewall was exited. At around 3:30 PM, in Homestead along the Florida Turnpike, southeast winds gusted over 80 MPH with violent rains in an inner convection band. These conditions were also reported to the NWS Office in Miami. Extreme 70-MPH wind and rain conditions continued northward along the Florida Turnpike and as the chase continued westward along SW 8 Street. The wind and rain let up along Tamiami Trail until the chase reached Fortymile Bend, where 75-MPH easterly winds and torrential rains were encountered. These winds quickly backed around to northeast at 70 MPH in Collier County. The chase turned back to the east and the hurricane eye was once again penetrated at 6 PM along Tamiami Trail in the Miccosukee Indian reserve. Here winds were light and variable but the lower scud clouds did not break. The chase continued eastwards then north along Highway 27 to Interstate 595. Again, 75 MPH plus winds and violent rains were encountered from 6:30 to 7:30 with the eastern eyewall. The winds backed from southerly to easterly during this part of the chase. The conditions near Interstate 595 and Interstate 75 were reported to the NWS office in Miami. The chase ended at 7:45 PM near Sunrise Blvd and University Drive. Irene was a category one hurricane with 85 MPH sustained winds which formed near Cuba and crossed Florida. A hurricane warning, flood warning, tropical storm warning, and tornado watch were in effect for all areas observed. Damage observed was downed trees and power lines, roof and sign damage, power knocked out, storm surge flooding and damage, and severe street flooding. Unfortunately, some deaths occurred with this storm, mainly from power lines. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase Hurricane Irene.

27). Dec 9, 2:00 PM - Observation of large swells breaking south of Lake Worth Inlet in West Palm Beach, Florida. The waves were observed breaking as high as twelve feet about 300 yards offshore. Weather was partly cloudy and cool with scattered cold air cumulus clouds. A funnel cloud was observed beneath a cold cumulus cloud near the western edge of the gulf-stream current but did not come down. The large north-swells were generated from a storm system with 50-Knot+ winds east of New York in the North Atlantic. A 1998 Sea-doo GSX watercraft was used to observe the waves.

Summary - This concludes the 1999 chase season. The summary includes a total of 27 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 9 severe thunderstorms were involved, 13 strong thunderstorms, 2 tropical systems, and 3 coastal observations. Of the two tropical systems observed were a direct and well-documented penetration of Hurricane Irene and the other a direct penetration through the center of Tropical Storm Harvey. No tornadoes were observed this season, probably from the effects of La Niña. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used in 25 observations and a 1998 Sea-Doo GSX Watercraft in 2.

2). March 28, 1:00 AM - Indirect penetration and observation of a severe thunderstorm moving through western sections of Broward County, Florida near Interstate 75. The storm was a small supercell thunderstorm which had a TVS signature indicated by radar when it was in the Everglades. This cell quickly moved across the county and was offshore of Adventura by 1:30 AM. Only light rain and 30-MPH winds were encountered behind the storm. Lightning and some lowered cloud bases were also observed on the backside of the storm. No tornado or funnel clouds were seen. Documentation was a camcorder. The storm was caused by a prefrontal wave coupled with a moderate jet-stream disturbance aloft. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

3). April 14, 1:00 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Interstate 75 in western sections of Broward County, Florida. The storms were part of a multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms with very heavy rains developing ahead of an advancing trough of low pressure. Conditions in the storms were torrential rains, winds gusting around 40-MPH, and lightning with some close hits. A trough of low pressure produced the storms as abundant moisture was available in the area. Documentation was a camcorder. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm.

4). April 15, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Brighton along highway 721 in northern Glades county, Florida. The storm was an HP supercell storm with a well-defined wall cloud for about 45 minutes. Conditions near the storms core were small hail, winds gusting near 60-MPH, torrential rains, and lightning with some close hits. The storm began as a multi-cell cluster before evolving into the HP supercell. The chase converged and teamed up with Jeff Gammons and David Cornwell from the Weather Information Network and was concluded with three chase vehicles on this storm. Some small funnels were also observed on the inflow side of the supercell. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. The other chasers were using a Toyota and a Chevy Blazer. An upper level low pressure system and surface heating produced the storms.

5). April 15, 9:00 PM - External observation of a severe thunderstorm near Yeehaw Junction and the Florida Turnpike in Osceola county, Florida. The storm was another HP supercell. A large beaver’s tail and frequent lightning was observed with this storm, which was not penetrated. The chase was done as a team with Jeff Gammons and David Cornwell from the Weather Information Network. Documentation was a camcorder. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. The other chasers were using a Toyota and a Chevy Blazer. An upper level low pressure system and surface heating produced the storms.

6). May 15, 5:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Opa Locka Airport in Miami, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms and contained frequent lightning with some close hits, large hail up to an inch, very heavy rains, and winds gusting near 60 MPH. Some flooding and power outages were also observed with this storm. An upper trough and surface heating in very unstable air caused the storms. Some storms in this area had high winds and golf ball sized hail. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area nearby until 7 PM.

7). May 20, 8:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Ellis County, Oklahoma near Highway 283 and Highway 60. While traveling south after photographing lightning and two tornadic supercells (over Kansas) from a 50 mile distance, an outflow boundary fired a multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms near our area. One severe cell was penetrated containing frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and winds gusting 65 to 70-MPH. Some tree debris was noted, some of which hit the driver side door of the chase vehicle, causing a dent. Power was also knocked out in a small town in the area. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough with a slight dry-line bulge coupled with surface heating. A 1996 Chevy Blazer and 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and camcorders.

8). May 21, 7:30 PM - External observation of high based type severe thunderstorms in Motley County, Texas near FM 94 and Highway 70 in the cap rock country southeast of Amarillo. Some moderate to heavy rains and 30 MPH winds were encountered followed by one of the most spectacular lightning displays that lasted well after sunset. The high elevation storms developed along a bulge in the dry-line and an upper level low, which was actually visually revealed by a swirl in the high clouds left over from some small elevated LP supercells. After dark, the storms evolved into a large multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms containing golf ball sized hail, which raced eastwards with the dry line punch. A 1996 Chevy Blazer and 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup was used to chase these storms. Documentation was camcorders and still photos of the spectacular lightning from these storms.

9). May 22, 7:00 PM - External observation of a tornadic and very severe thunderstorm moving into Arkansas near Fort Smith in Scott County. The storm began as a classic supercell which evolved into a low-top storm that back-built into a large LP / HP hybrid supercell near the Ozark Mountains, where the chase was aborted due to the poor road network. A large hail shaft and small funnel cloud was observed on the upwind side of the storm. Tennis ball sized hail and damaging winds were reported with this storm, but not intercepted. The Doppler On Wheels trucks, Weather Channel truck, and several other chasers were also converging on this storm. Our chase vehicles were a 1996 Chevy Blazer and a 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup. Documentation was still photos and camcorders. Intense surface heating (3500 CAPE) and a low-pressure trough caused the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 8 PM CDT.

10). May 24, 7:30 PM - Direct penetration of an extremely dangerous severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Canadian county, Oklahoma near the town of Bridgeport west of El Reno. The storm was also near Interstate 40 and Highway 270 where an attempted track to go east then southeast of the explosively developing storm was attempted. The core of this HP supercell was punched from the north and had to be aborted because of the severe hailstorm and winds encountered. The storm developed from nothing to 74 DBz in less than 15 minutes! During the core punch, although not intentional, winds gusted well over 70-MPH and golf ball sized hail fell sideways in zero visibility. Lightning was frequent with some close hits and visibility was zero. Power was knocked out by the storm and tree debris was observed in the road. When aborting the core punch, the chase path continued back to Interstate 40 and refuge was seeked at a Loves truck stop. Here, hail up to quarter sized covered the ground as 60-MPH winds shifted from south to north as the circulation of the storm mesocyclone passed to our south. The tornado was not intercepted. Hail cracked the windshield of the 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup and chipped some paint on the 1996 Chevy Blazer used in this chase. A third chase vehicle, a 1998 Toyota 4-Runner, was not damaged in the chase as refuge was seeked under an overpass. A region of convergence, intense surface heating, a strong low-pressure trough, a 130-MPH jet streak aloft, and a punch in the dry-line caused the storms. Documentation was camcorders. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

11). May 25, 8:00 PM - Direct penetration of regions of severe thunderstorms and observation of a tornadic HP supercell storm in Crosby and Dickens counties in Texas near Crosbytown. A well-developed wall cloud was first observed beneath a rotating HP supercell that also had a tornado warning associated with it. Funnel clouds were observed but nothing touched down near us. The storm's hail shaft, greenish-black with softball sized hail that could actually be heard hitting the ground miles away, prompted us to retreat along FM 2794 to the East. The storm cycled a few times with several wall clouds and funnels before evolving into a large multi-cell storm cluster. The east and north sides of the remaining HP storm were penetrated and 75 to 100 MPH outflow winds were observed. This blew tumbleweeds and tree debris all around. Nearly continuous CG lightning was observed with many close hits, one of which started a fire near Spur. Power was knocked out and one building had all its windows blown out by the straight-line winds. The sky at 8:30 was like night with zero visibility, which gave way to ¾ inch hail and a brilliant green as the chase track punched the storm. Some letters of the "Weathervine" logo on the side of the 1996 Chevy Blazer were stripped off. The 1998 Toyota 4-Runner and 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup fared well in this chase. The storm also caused flooding. Documentation was camcorders, still photos, and audiotape. Conditions causing the storms were a deep layer of low level moisture and very high surface heating (CAPE over 5000), a jet stream aloft, and a punch in the dry-line. A tornado watch was in effect in the area until 10 PM CDT.

12). May 25, 11:00 PM - External observation of severe thunderstorms in Stonewall County, Texas, north of Aspermont on Highway 83 near Highway 380. The storm began as a high-based thunderstorm that evolved into a multi-cell cluster of low base storms as outflow boundaries from the initial storm developed. The primary focus on these storms, which contained golf ball sized hail, was lightning photography and video. Analysis of the video revealed a funnel cloud and large wall cloud illuminated by the lightning. Another chaser, Eric N., used mobile radar to pinpoint the storm during a small convergence of chasers. By about 12 AM, the storm evolved into a single HP supercell with baseball sized hail. This cell was not penetrated, neither was a tornado spotted by our team. Chase vehicles were a 1996 Chevy Blazer, 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup, and a 1998 Toyota 4-Runner. A persistent layer of warm low level moisture, a jet stream aloft, and a punch in the dry-line caused the storms.

13). May 26, 7:00 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of an extremely dangerous tornadic supercell in Haskell and Throckmorton counties, Texas near Highway 380. This storm explosively developed in Haskell county and had a rather long track with a tornado observed during its later stages! The first encounter was north of Haskell County, where a well-developed HP supercell was observed with a rotating wall cloud. A second low base, with apparent rotation, developed on the north side of this cell, moved north, and dissipated. This was a splitting storm. The southern cell began back building to the south and reached a classic supercell structure with funnel / wall clouds. Large hail, ½ to ¾ inch, began falling from the storm anvil well away from the main core, with inflow winds up to 50 MPH. To avoid the hail shaft, with grapefruit sized hail, we tracked South to Throckmorton and East on Highway 380. The storm cycled as a right moving HP storm and had a violently rotating wall cloud. A funnel quickly spun up and a debris cloud formed on the ground just a few hundred yards away. About 200 chasers converged on this storm, including the two DOW Doppler On Wheels trucks, jamming the roadway. The tornado did some damage in Haskell and Throckmorton counties. The inflow to the tornado circulation, as well as the storms powerful winds, kicked up large amounts of dust and debris. One car was hit by a flying license plate while others had missing windshields from hail. The storm evolved from a long-track supercell into a multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms which raced eastward. Conditions around the storm had hail to ¾ of an inch, wind at least 75-MPH, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with close hits during the indirect penetration. The outcome of this storm could have been much worse. Our chase vehicles were a 1996 Chevy Blazer, 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup, and a 1998 Toyota 4-Runner. A low-pressure system, 100-MPH jet streak aloft, a deep layer of warm and moist low level air (6000+ CAPE), dry-line punch, and winds that veered with increasing altitude caused the storms. Documentation was still photos and camcorders. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

14). May 27, 5:00 PM - Direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Wise County, Texas along Highway 380 near the town of Bridgeport. This was yet another tornadic HP supercell. The storm was penetrated from the East side during its late mature or "gust out" stage. Winds gusting over 70-MPH, frequent lightning with close hits, and hail at least ¾ inches was observed. Tree debris was observed blown down in Bridgeport, along with power knocked out and signs down. Tornado warning sirens were also activated for this town. The storm gusted out and a large outflow dominant squall line type storm developed along the gust front. This produced a multi-cell line of strong thunderstorms that moved rapidly eastwards. The tornado for this supercell was not observed by any chasers in the area, but softball sized hail was associated with this storm. A 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A low-pressure trough, dry-line, weakening jet stream aloft, and high surface moisture and heat (3000 CAPE) caused the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 7 PM CDT.

15). May 30, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Hialeah, Florida near NW 32 Avenue and 79 Street. The storm was a multi-cell storm that contained an updraft base that actually rotated slightly for a few minutes. The storm quickly matured and contained very heavy rains, hail to ½ inches, gusty winds to 40 MPH, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Sea breeze activity, surface heating, and a weak low-pressure trough caused the storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota was used to chase the storms.

16). June 6, 3:00 PM - Direct penetration of a very strong to severe thunderstorm near Okeechobee Road and Le Jeune road in Miami Springs and Hialeah, Florida. The multi-cell storm had small hail, torrential rains, winds gusting from 55 to 60-MPH and frequent lightning with close hits. Surface heating, sea breeze activity, and a low-pressure trough caused the storms. Damage observed were some heavy street flooding, downed trees and signs, and power knocked out in some areas. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. The conditions encountered were also reported to the Miami NWS Office.

17). June 23, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along Highway 27 in northwestern sections of Broward County, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell line and had small hail, torrential rains, winds gusting over 60-MPH and frequent lightning with close hits. Some small funnel clouds were also observed with these storms. Daytime heating, sea breeze activity, and an outflow boundary caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

18). July 6, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Interstate 595 and Weston, Florida. Frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, possible small hail, and winds gusting near 40 MPH were observed with this multi-cell storm. Surface heating and a weak trough of low-pressure allowed the storms to develop. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

19). July 7, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along Interstate 595 and University Drive near Davie and Plantation, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster and had torrential rains, winds gusting over 55-MPH and frequent lightning with close hits. Daytime heating, sea breeze activity, and a low-pressure trough caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

20). July 11, 5:30 PM - Indirect penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Griffith Road and Interstate 75 and west of Davie, Florida. The storm was a possible small HP supercell which quickly evolved into multi-cell cluster. The chase involved passing through heavy rains, 30-MPH winds, and had lightning. An updraft and inflow notch was observed on the south side of the main cell, from about 5 miles away, which produced funnel clouds. A tornado warning was issued with this storm at 4:45 PM and it was allowed to expire at 5:20 PM. Daytime heating, sea breeze activity, and a low-pressure trough caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

21). July 16, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along Alligator Alley about 5 miles west of highway 27 in western Broward County, Florida. The storm was on the southwest end of a multi-cell line of thunderstorms. A brief and small wall cloud was observed on the updraft base of this cell prior to entering the precipitation core from the east. The storm had torrential rains, winds gusting over 55-MPH, hail to ½ inch, and lightning with some close hits. Daytime heating, sea breeze activity, and a low-pressure trough caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

22). July 18, 5:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along highway 27 in western Broward County, Florida. The storm was associated with a multi-cell line of strong and severe thunderstorms with a well-developed gust front and outflow. The outflow winds preceded the storm line with 40 to 50-MPH winds observed ahead of the squall line. The storms had torrential rains, winds gusting over 60-MPH, and lightning. Daytime heating, a low-pressure trough, and outflow boundary associated with an MCS propagating southwards caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

23). July 20, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a very strong thunderstorm along highway 27 in western Broward County, Florida. The storm was associated with a multi-cell line of storms. An area of very torrential rains, winds gusting up to 50-MPH and lightning were observed north of Pines Blvd on Highway 27. Daytime heating, a low-pressure trough, and sea-breeze activity caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. A small wall cloud was also observed on the rain-free base of the storm during its updraft cycle. Documentation was still photos.

24). July 26, 6:00 PM - Direct Penetration of a severe thunderstorm along Interstate 75 near Weston in Broward County, Florida. The storm was associated with a multi-cell line of thunderstorms. A cell on the northern side of this line had HP supercell characteristics for a short while and produced a funnel cloud. An intense cell on the south end of the line became severe producing winds gusting around 60-MPH, torrential rains, small hail, and frequent lightning with close hits. The storm produced up to 3 inches of rain an hour causing flooding. The chase vehicle encountered severe hydroplaning from this storm near Weston, and nearly skidded out of control! Daytime heating, a low-pressure trough, and an outflow boundary caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

25). July 29, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a very strong thunderstorm in Northwest Miami-Dade County, Florida near Interstate 75 and Miami Lakes. The storm had frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, winds gusting around 50-MPH. The storm also produced a brief funnel cloud on its northwestern updraft side near Miami Lakes. The storm back-built northwestwards into Miramar west of Dykes road and Miramar Parkway where winds over 50-MPH were observed with torrential rains. The chase vehicle was even pushed onto the shoulder of the slick road due to the high winds! A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. The storms were caused by a tropical wave / trough and surface heating. Documentation was still photos.

26). Aug 14, 5:30 PM - Direct Penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Northwest Dade County, Florida near Graham Dairy Road and Interstate 75. The storm was associated with a multi-cell cluster of thunderstorms and produced winds gusting around 60-MPH, torrential rains, small hail, and frequent lightning with close hits. Daytime heating, a low-pressure trough, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

27). Aug 14, 6:30 PM - Direct Penetration of another severe thunderstorm in west-central sections of Broward County, Florida near Interstate 75 and the Sawgrass Expressway. The storm was an anchor-cell on the southern edge of a multi-cell cluster of thunderstorms. This cell quickly intensified with a slight banding from weak rotation and had a multi-tiered shelf cloud associated with its gust front. The storm rain-free base sported supercell like characteristics before quickly evolving to an outflow dominant storm producing winds gusting around 60-MPH, torrential rains, small hail, and frequent lightning with close hits. Daytime heating, a low-pressure trough, and outflow boundary caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

28). Aug 14, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Western Broward County, Florida near highway 27 and the Florida Everglades. The storm began west of the end of Griffith road with a small wall cloud and frequent lightning. The storm core was west and not penetrated. Multiple funnel clouds were observed with a slight rotation as the storm acquired HP supercell characteristics. A well-developed inflow band was observed feeding into this cell from the east as the storm moved to the SSE. The storm became rain-wrapped and outflow dominant as it was penetrated along Krome Avenue just SW of highway 27. Frequent lightning with numerous close hits, torrential rains, and winds gusting around 60-MPH were observed with this storm. Daytime heating, sea breeze activity, a low-pressure trough, and outflow boundaries caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

29). Aug 29, 7:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm along Alligator Alley in the Florida Everglades about 10 to 15 miles west of Highway 27. The storm was a multi-cell storm that was moving slowly across the area in the un-populated swamps of Western Broward County. The storm contained frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and 45 to 50-MPH winds. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. A weak low-pressure trough and surface heating caused the storms. An outflow boundary from this storm was followed eastward to the Florida East Coast.

30). Sep 17, All-Day - Interception and observation of category one hurricane "Gordon" off the Florida Big-Bend coast north of Tampa, Florida. The hurricane chase was myself in a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup and Jeff Gammons with "Weathervine.com" storm intercept team in a 1999 Toyota Sephia. The first conditions encountered were a large convergence line near Lake Okeechobee while heading west on 710 out of WPB at about 8 AM. One small HP supercell was observed SW of the St. Lucie Canal Bridge on 710. The storm had frequent lightning and a distinct barber-pole / saucer shape to its updraft tower. This storm quickly became rain wrapped but both SVR and TOR warnings were issued for it. This cell was one of many tornado-producing storms on the forward right side of Gordon. Helicity was up to 520 in these areas. Tropical storm forced winds were observed passing through the Tampa area with winds gusting near 50-MPH. Scaffolding on the side of a building in Tampa collapsed into the street from the winds. The core of Gordon was encountered near Cedar Key, Florida from about 1 PM until 8 PM. The storm weakened from 75-MPH hurricane to a 70-MPH tropical storm. Dry air began entering the storm core as it weakened near a front to the north of Florida, and was sheared by an upper trough. Near the broad and diffuse center, winds gusting briefly over 60-MPH with patches of blue skies were observed … No organized center. These winds quickly changed from East and Southeast to Southwest as we left Cedar Key due to a police roadblock. We left the area at about 9:30 PM because there was no way to observe any coastal areas due to evacuation area and police stipulations. Conditions quickly improved headed back away from NW Florida. One small swath of damage was observed along highway 52 about 25 miles east of Tampa. This was confirmed as another tornado track. The total time was from 4:30 AM (September 17) to 2:30 AM the next day (22 hours) with over 830 miles logged on both chase vehicles! Documentation was still photos and camcorders. A tornado watch was also in effect for all areas observed the entire time of the chase.

31). Sept 29, 7:00 PM - Indirect observation of a potentially severe thunderstorm from Highway 27 and Krome Avenue in western sections of Dade and Broward Counties, Florida. The storm was a small HP supercell type storm that was back building along a line of strong thunderstorms towards the south and southwest. Lightning, heavy rains, and 30-MPH winds were encountered. The storm was observed because of a well-developed structure with many striations on the updraft tower, giving the low flared-out base of the storm a "saucer" appearance. The storm clearly contained a mesocyclone and lasted a few hours before becoming rain-wrapped. Several small funnels and wall-cloud like lowerings were observed on the Rain-free base of this storm. Documentation of this storm was still photos. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storm. A low-pressure trough, abundant moisture with low-level convergence, and slight wind shear produced the storm.

32). Sept 30, 7:00 PM - Penetration of a very strong thunderstorm along Griffith Road west of Pine Island Road in Broward County, Florida. The storm was a strong cell developing along a multi-cell line of storms. Some wind gusts to 50-MPH, torrential rains, and lightning with some close hits was observed. Rainfall was extremely heavy with this line of storms. The storms developed along an outflow boundary pressing southeastwards and were enhanced by a low-pressure trough and surface heating. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

33). Oct 3, 9:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe and tornadic thunderstorm along highway US 1 in East Central Dade county, Florida. This HP supercell storm was on the southern end of a line of strong and severe thunderstorms, which was penetrated from north to south. Frequent lightning, torrential rains, and winds gusting over 55-MPH were observed with this cell near Cutler Ridge south of Miami. An abrupt shift in winds from SW to easterly was observed on the N side of this storm with a shift to light westerly on the south side, possibly associated with the mesocyclone of the supercell. The tornado was not observed due to poor visibility. A region of convergence associated with a sub-tropical low-pressure system and tremendous amounts of tropical moisture caused the storms. The shear-axis associated with the low caused some cells ahead of a line of thunderstorms to spawn tornadoes. Up to 15 inches of rain fell in most areas affected by this storm. Flooding was very severe, with some streets under 3 or more feet of water! Some downed trees and power outages were also observed with the thunderstorms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

34). Oct 6, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a very strong to severe thunderstorm along State Road 7 (441) in Palm Beach County, Florida near Boynton Beach Blvd. This was a multi-cell storm containing cells that approached severe limits with 60-MPH wind gusts, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. The storms developed from interactions with outflow-boundaries, surface heating, and a weak trough of low-pressure. Documentation was still photos. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

Summary - This concludes the 2000 chase season. The summary includes a total of 34 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 26 severe thunderstorms were involved, 7 strong thunderstorms, several funnel clouds (with one well-documented tornado touchdown) and an indirect penetration of a Hurricane / Tropical Storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used in 26 observations in Florida. For the 8 central USA chases, a 1996 Chevy Blazer, 1999 Ford Ranger Pickup, and a 1998 Toyota 4-Runner were involved.

2). Mar 19, 1 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of a severe thunderstorm just west of Highway 27 in Western Palm Beach County, Florida. The storm was a high-precipitation supercell storm with a well-developed rotating updraft and strong inflow on the East Side of the storm. A small funnel cloud was also associated with the development of this storm, and extended about 1/3 to the ground. Jeff Gammons accompanied the observation from the "Weathervine" Storm Intercept group on the NE side of the storm. A 45 to 50 MPH inflow wind was experienced on the north side of this storm, with moderate rain and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm continued until about 2 PM and back-built southward before gusting out just north of I-595 on highway 27 farther south. Dime sized hail. 60-MPH winds, and torrential rains were observed in this area. The storm had a spectacular shelf cloud along its gust front. Instability, surface convergence, and a strong shear profile beneath a jet stream aloft caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms, along with a 1999 Toyota Sephia for the "Weathervine" chase group.

3). Mar 19, 4 PM - Direct penetration of possible tornadic supercell thunderstorm near Interstate 595 and Highway 27 in Western Central Broward County, Florida. The storm was Doppler indicated as a tornado producing storm but the tornado was not intercepted. The storm evolved from a cluster of some high-based storms in the Everglades that quickly moved into western sections of Fort Lauderdale. As the storm was penetrated, a 50-MPH east wind that quickly shifted to 60-MPH and gusty from the west was encountered with very heavy rains and frequent lightning. This was possibly another small HP supercell storm embedded in a cluster of thunderstorms. The chase was done with the "Weathervine" storm team in a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup and a 1999 Toyota Sephia. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. Convergence, instability, and a strong jet stream aloft ahead of a strong surface low caused the storm.

4). Mar 19, 7 PM - Observation of another possible HP supercell in Glades County, Florida to the north of Highway 98 about 10 to 15 miles west of Clewiston. The storm was a former tornado-producing storm moving northeastwards from Lee County to the southwest. This storm produced a small funnel cloud and a beautiful beaver-tail type inflow band. The storm was externally observed and not penetrated. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A surface low, convergence, and wind shear from a jet stream aloft caused the storms. The chase was done with the "Weathervine" storm team in a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup and a 1999 Toyota Sephia.

5). Mar 30, 5:30 PM - Observation of squall line and multi-cell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms in Western Palm Beach County, Florida near Lake Okeechobee. A strong outflow boundary was associated with this storm system and spawned multiple dust plumes and gustnadoes. The strongest winds observed were about 40 MPH. Occasional cloud to ground lightning was observed with heavy rain. The severe cells were not penetrated directly along this line. The chase was done with the "Weathervine" storm team in a 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup and a 1999 Toyota Sephia. An outflow boundary, upper-level disturbances, and surface heating caused the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area until 9PM EST. Documentation was still photos.

6). May 24, 6:30 PM - Observation and direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm near and along Interstate 10 in Edwards County, Texas east of Junction, Texas near Highway 377. The storm was part of convective initiation and started out as a field of towering cumulus. One cumulus tower broke the capping inversion and grew into a small, low-topped thunderstorm with a rather high base. The storm grew larger with time and evolved into a full-fledged High-Precipitation (HP) supercell which was penetrated during its development stages along Interstate 10 east of Junction. The storm core had torrential rains, hail up to 1 inch (quarter sized), frequent lightning with close hits, and winds up to 55 MPH. The storm caused the temperature to drop from the mid 90's to the mid 50's. A 1996 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos, camcorders, and an audio log of the chase. Surface heating, unstable air aloft, and forcing along a stalled stationary frontal boundary caused the storms. This storm was one of several in a cluster of supercells. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

7). May 24, 7:30 PM - Observation from a few miles distance of a small but well-defined classic supercell thunderstorm 25 miles to the east of Rock Springs, Texas in Edwards County along highway 377. This storm was a classic supercell, with a sculpted, round, saucer-like updraft base with all precipitation falling away from the updraft on it's down-wind side. The storm produced frequent lightning but our chase team contacted no storm periphery. A 1996 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos, camcorders, and an audio log of the chase. Surface heating, unstable air aloft, and forcing along a stalled stationary frontal boundary caused the storms. This storm was one of several in a cluster of supercells. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

8). May 24, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm 5 miles or so northwest of Rock Springs, Texas in Edwards County along Highway 377. The storm was an extremely well developed HP supercell with distinct structure and appeared like a "Mother Ship" or stack of flying saucers! The storm showed a TVS signature on radar for about 25 minutes with a DBz strength of 71 and a VIL of 78. Winds to 50 MPH and light rain were all that was encountered on the fringes of this extremely dangerous thunderstorm. Frequent lightning was also observed. This storm was very well documented, and produced several funnel and / or wall clouds as it was observed from its eastern side. A tornado warning was also issued for Rock Springs and tornado sirens sounded for the small town, which was nearly missed by the supercell core. Hail was estimated by radar at baseball to grapefruit sized (4 inches or so). A 1996 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos, camcorders, and an audio log of the chase. Surface heating, unstable air aloft, and forcing along a stalled stationary frontal boundary caused the storms. This storm was one of several in a cluster of supercells. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT. Lightning photography behind this storm continued until about 10:30 PM.

9). May 26, 6:30 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of an LP (Low Precipitation) supercell near McAdoo, Texas in the west portion of this small town in Dickens County. The storm was one of the initiation cells forming ahead of a bulge in the dryline. The storm quickly reached LP status with powerful 30-knot inflow winds, a sculpted updraft base with striations, and a well-defined "vault" region. The storm began to weaken after other cells developed south of our location. The LP storm was indirectly penetrated and mainly light rain, small hail, and 30 to 40 MPH inflow winds were observed. This storm did produce large hail, but it was not penetrated. A jet stream aloft, dryline bulge, and upper air disturbance caused the storms. A 2001 Chevy Cavalier was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT. Documentation was still photos, camcorders, and an audio log for the chase.

10). May 27, 7:00 PM - Observation and direct penetration of severe thunderstorms and gustnado-like tornadoes ahead of a powerful MCS in northwest Kansas near Meade, Kansas to Clark County. The chase began near Meade, Kansas and continued through Clark County along highway 160 and highway 283. The first HP supercell developed north of Meade and split into two storms. The left split moved south as a right-moving HP supercell. The right split continued to move to the southeast. Both of these cells became HP supercells with wall clouds and produced gustnadoes along their shelf clouds. Eric Nguyen and myself penetrated the right split as the MCS line caught up with the two cells. Dust was raised by the storm outflow forming a huge wall of dust ahead of the left-split storm. Eric Nguyen and myself measured winds near highway 160 at 68.1 MPH before anemometer failure. Estimated gusts were much higher, exceeding 80 MPH! Heavy rain, frequent lightning, and hail were also observed with these storms. The storms were followed southward into Oklahoma along highway 160 where numerous downed trees and power lines were encountered. A roadblock ended the chase west of Woodward, Oklahoma as downed power lines made the road impassible. The storms developed well ahead of a dryline and were enhanced by a low-pressure system over Colorado to the west. Low level advection allowed Gulf of Mexico moisture to enter this region and storms were enhanced by upper-air dynamics. A 2001 Chevy Cavalier was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 11 PM CDT. Documentation was still photos and camcorders.

11). June 8, 7:00 PM - Observation of a brief but strong thunderstorm along Highway 27 northwest of Moore Haven, Florida. The storm was a small pulse type thunderstorm that produced frequent lightning with close hits, heavy rains, and brief wind gusts near 50 MPH. A 1998 Dodge Dakota was used to observe the storm while passing through this area. The storm was caused by a weak low-pressure trough and sea breeze activity.

12). June 11, 6:00 PM - Observation and direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in western / central Broward County, Florida, along Highway 27. The storm was part of an original cluster of strong thunderstorms that developed from a towering cumulus field along the East Coast sea breeze front. One developing cell had a small but well-defined corkscrew / meso on its western side above its rain-free base. Cells quickly fired around this area and quickly became outflow-dominant with a 50-MPH downburst observed north of Interstate 75 on Highway 27. Tree damage was observed in this area. Farther south, the south end of this multi-cell storm cluster evolved into a small HP supercell type storm. This cell was penetrated from the north where 60 to 65 MPH winds, or higher, small hail, frequent lightning with close hits, and extremely heavy rains were encountered. Winds in this area were from the east, and shifted south once south of the storm core under the rain-free base. The RFB was round in appearance and had a slight "swirl" in its base. Weak rotation was evident. The storm remained this way for about an hour while drifting south, then became outflow dominant sending a gust front type MCS through Miami-Dade county. Sea breezes, an upper trough, and surface heating caused the storm. A 1998 dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. The storms caused flooding, tree damage, and knocked out power. A brush fire in the Everglades was also started from the lightning.

13). June 16, 1:30 PM - Direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Southern Broward County, Florida into Northern Miami-Dade. The storm was a multi-cell-cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms just east of Interstate 75. The first intense cell was encountered along Hollywood Boulevard near Flamingo Road, where heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and 45-50 MPH winds were encountered. Another more intense cell fired south of this area, and was followed along Hiatus road southward to just north of the Palmetto Expressway. The worst core conditions with this cell was near Miami Gardens Drive, and had torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, winds gusting well over 60-MPH, and hail more than ¾ inches in diameter falling hard. The hail covered the ground in some areas. Power outages, trees down, and flooding also occurred with this cell. Many leaves were stripped off some trees where marble to quarter sized hail was found. Surface heating, sea breeze activity, and an upper-level disturbance caused the storms. The worst conditions were also reported to the NWS Miami office. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

14). Jun 22, 12:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very strong thunderstorm in Tamarac, Florida near Hiatus Road and Commercial Blvd. This storm was a multi-cell storm cluster that contained an intense cell on its southern end. This cell had 45-MPH wind gusts, small hail from pea to dime-sized, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with many close hits. Some tree damage, flooding, and power outages were observed with this storm. A weak upper-air disturbance, low-pressure trough, and sea breeze activity caused the storm. The dissipation stage of this storm cluster also created a powerful outflow boundary that was followed northwards through Palm Beach County into Martin County. The storms along this region became outflow dominant producing torrential rains and winds gusting up to 45-MPH. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. The worst conditions in Tamarac were also reported to the NWS office in Miami.

15). Jun 23, 2:00 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms in western sections of West Palm Beach, Florida near Okeechobee Road west of State Road 7. These storms were multi-cellular in nature and produced frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, and 45-MPH wind gusts. A weak upper-air disturbance, low-pressure trough, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to chase the storms.

16). Jun 25, 6:00 PM - External observation of a large severe thunderstorm in the Florida Everglades near the Seminole Indian Reservation north of Interstate 595 in Hendry County. The storm was not penetrated, except for its gust front as it back-built southwestwards. The storm was a well-developed severe thunderstorm with a back-sheared anvil, inflow bands, and over shooting top. This possible supercell storm remained in the un-populated areas. A funnel cloud was also observed on its southwestern side. The storm also had 71 DBz on radar. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to observe this storm. Sea breezes, surface heating and an upper air disturbance caused the storms.

17). Jul 23, 5:00 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Hollywood, Florida near the Florida Turnpike. The storm was an outflow-dominant severe thunderstorm (multi-cell) affecting east central Broward county with 60-MPH winds and heavy rains. 45-MPH winds, lightning, and heavy rain was observed while passing this storm on its north side. This day, although not a chase day, produced numerous severe weather incidences. A tornadic mini HP supercell affected Interstate 75 near Griffith Road in Weston about an hour earlier prior to 4 PM. This cell was observed as it passed my workplace near Tamarac, FL. This storm produced 45-MPH+ south winds as it passed just west of my area. A small inflow region was noted, but no tornado was observed. The storms were caused by a low-pressure system to the NW and a region of convergence (shear axis). A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used to observe the storms.

18). Aug 14, 5:30 PM - Indirect penetration of a very strong to severe thunderstorm along Krome Avenue about 3 to 4 miles southwest of Highway 27 in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The storm was a multi-cell storm cluster with an intense cell on its northeastern side. Frequent lightning with close hits, heavy rains, and winds gusting to near 50-MPH were observed on the outflow side of the storm. The storm also briefly exhibited supercell characteristics with a broad rotation observed on its updraft base. Sea breezes and a low-pressure trough caused the storms. Documentation was still photos. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

19). Aug 14, 7:00 PM - Direct penetration of a very strong to severe thunderstorm along Highway 27 north of Griffith Road in Broward County, Florida. The multi-cell storm cluster rapidly developed over the eastern Everglades and moved across Highway 27 as it became outflow dominant. The storm produced frequent lightning with numerous close hits, winds gusting over 50-MPH, and torrential rains. The storms were caused by outflow from previous storms to the SW, sea breeze activity, and a trough of low pressure. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

20). Sept 8, 1:30 PM - Penetration of a very strong to severe thunderstorm along Highway 27 in Western Palm Beach County, Florida. The storm was an intense thunderstorm on the southern edge of a line of thunderstorms and had possible HP supercell characteristics for a brief period of time. A region of strong inflow and rotation of the rain-free base was observed with this storm. A 50 to 60-MPH westerly wind was encountered south of this area (possible RFD) with torrential rains and frequent lightning. An upper air disturbance and weak surface low-pressure area caused the storms to the NW. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to observe the storms.

21). Sept 14, ALL DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very strong tropical storm "Gabrielle" on the Florida West Coast from Fort Meyers to Sarasota. The storm had 70 MPH maximum sustained winds and a pressure of 980 MB at time of landfall near Venice Inlet, where the calm storm "eye" was encountered. This chase was conducted with the "Weathervine" Storm Chase Team. Portable weather stations on the hood of the 2001 Ford Escape SUV as well as the 1996 Chevy Blazer SUV (Weathervine) recorded wind gusts over 85-MPH! Conditions observed were winds at least 70-MPH with much higher gusts, torrential rains, and lightning. Damage observed was numerous downed trees and power lines, roofs damaged or destroyed, fresh water and storm-surge flooding, and boats damaged at a marina. The tropical storm was undergoing a rapid intensification cycle as it was making landfall and could have even been a hurricane. The worst winds were encountered at Venice Inlet just after the calm winds of the storm center passed to the NE. Winds resumed violently from the NW at LEAST 70-MPH. Tides observed were up to 6 feet above normal. Documentation was camcorders and many still photos. A tropical storm warning, hurricane watch, tornado watch, flood warning, and high-wind warning were all in effect for the areas involved in this chase. Total mileage accrued on the 2001 Ford Escape SUV was 495 miles. The driver’s side door had paint damage from a strike from metal debris during the storm observations. This was also the first test of my own weather station that I built for the hood-mount on my Ford Escape SUV. It recorded a wind maximum of 85-MPH and a pressure minimum of 983 MB.

Summary - This concludes the 2001 chase season. The summary includes a total of 21 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 15 severe thunderstorms were involved, 5 strong thunderstorms, several funnel clouds (with a well-documented gustnado type tornado), and one Hurricane / Tropical Storm. A 1998 Dodge Dakota Pickup was used in the first 12 observations and a 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used in 4 other observations. In the central USA, a 1996 Chevy Blazer and 2001 Chevy Cavalier rental was used in 5 chases.

2). Apr 2, 1:00 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Krome Avenue about 5 to 10 miles south of Highway 27 in West Central Dade County, Florida. The storm was as a multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms developing along a convergence line and East Coast sea breeze boundary. The storm contained heavy rains, 40 to 45-MPH wind gusts, occasional lightning and small hail. The storms were caused by sea breeze / outflow boundaries, surface heating, and an upper air disturbance. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

3). Apr 2, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of very strong thunderstorms along the East Side of Lake Okeechobee from near Highway 80 NE of Belle Glade, Florida. The storms were observed from their point of initiation, at around 3 PM, along the lake breeze boundary. This formed a narrow line of thunderstorms, with some rather persistent gustnadoes observed along the boundary. As time went on, the line evolved into a multi-cell cluster, containing at least two strong thunderstorms, then the southern cell of this cluster began showing signs of a small mesocyclone by 5 PM. The cell evolved onto a classic "mini" supercell type storm, and slight rotation persisted for nearly an hour (beautiful banding, inflow "beaver" tail, bell-shaped updraft base, wall cloud, etc). The storm sported a rain-free base and most precipitation was well to its right. The wall cloud had slight rotation, but no tornadoes developed. While most cells in the multi-cell part of this storm moved to the ENE, the "mini" supercell moved due south at less than 5 MPH. By 6:30 PM, the storm evolved to multi-cell, weakened, and its mesocyclone dissipated. The storm was then penetrated and had 45-MPH winds and very heavy rains along highway 80 east of Belle Glade. Convergence boundaries, surface heating, directional (storm relative) wind shear, and an upper level trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. Jeff Gammons with the "Weathervine" chase team also chased with me on this storm.

4). Apr 3, 3:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of very strong and severe thunderstorms in Palm Beach County, Florida from near Belle Glade, eastward along highway 80 to state road 7. The storm developed on the south end of a squall line of thunderstorms moving in from west of Lake Okeechobee. Small showers and thunderstorms explosively developed as the line and associated outflow interacted with them southeast of Belle Glade. This storm kicked up a lot of dust with 50-MPH outflow winds observed. The intense cell on the south end of the line of thunderstorms moved rapidly east and was followed to western sections of the Palm Beach suburbs near Forest Hill Boulevard and state road 7. The storms intensified again into a well-developed multi-cell cluster of strong and severe storms. The winds observed were near 50 MPH with very heavy rain and some close hits of lightning. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. Jeff Gammons with the "Weathervine" chase team also chased with me on this storm.

5). May 15, 3:30 PM - Penetration and observation of strong thunderstorms near Santana, Kansas along highway 56. These storms were an elevated multicell cluster of thunderstorms, and produced winds near 40 MPH, small hail, heavy rains, and frequent lightning. Jeff Gammons and myself conducted the chase in a 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV. The storms were caused by an upper-air disturbance and surface heating. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder.

6). May 15, 9:00 PM - Direct penetration and observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm to the west and northwest of Pratt, Kansas along and north of highway 54. The storm was a well developed LP supercell which actually evolved to the classic mode for some time. The storm occurred after night but contained frequent lightning which revealed a "stack of saucers" structure to the storm. North of this well-developed mesocyclone, hail up to 2.5 inches was found! This storm also produced some small funnel clouds and a large wall cloud. Only light to moderate rains was found with this storm. The storm also produced winds up to 60 MPH and frequent lightning with some close hits. Jeff Gammons and I conducted the chase in a 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV. Scott Blair and myself sampled the hail core in his 1996 Ford Taurus, which got a cracked windshield from the core punch. Documentation was still photos and video. A strong upper-air disturbance, surface heating, and approaching dryline caused the storms in an atmosphere of directional mid-level shear. A severe thunderstorm watch was also issued for this area.

7). May 16, 7:00 PM - Direct penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm near Campo, Colorado. This storm had winds over 50 MPH but hail to 2 inches in diameter. Frequent lightning with heavy rains were also encountered with this storm. A region of rotation was noted on the SW side of this supercell storm with copious amounts of dust being picked up. Jeff Gammons and myself chase the storms in a 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. The storm was caused by surface heating, a stalled front to the north with a triple point on the dryline to the southwest. A vigorous shortwave trough provided the upper air support and shear for the supercell storm. Scott Blair, Eric Nguyen, Robert Hall, and Jeff Lawson also chased with us on this storm in separate vehicles.

8). May 16, 8:30 PM - Direct penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm near Guymon, Oklahoma. This storm was a cyclic supercell that evolved through HP and classic supercell modes during its journey from the Oklahoma panhandle into far northern Texas. The storm was first encountered from the rear near Guymon, and 2 inch hail was found (larger than golf balls). Hail left an accumulation in some areas, turning the ground white. South of Guymon, the same storm went through an updraft cycle and produced a brief F1 tornado marked by a tornadic dust whirl under a rotating wall cloud. The storm cycled once more after that and began drawing in tremendous amounts of air from the east and southeast. Inflow was measured at over 55 MPH. The dust kicked up reduced visibility and even obscured the storm base entirely. The chase team and myself immediately went south to get out of the "bears cage" of this storm. Again, between Guymon and Spearman, Texas, hail was encountered, this time as large as tennis balls (2.5 inches). This caused damage to the chase vehicles involved. The storm also produced torrential rains, frequent lightning, and winds over 60 MPH. Jeff Gammons and myself chase the storms in a 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. The storm was caused by surface heating, a stalled front to the north with a triple point on the dryline to the southwest. A vigorous shortwave trough provided the upper air support and shear for the supercell storm. Scott Blair, Eric Nguyen, Robert Hall, and Jeff Lawson also chased with us on this storm in separate vehicles. A severe thunderstorm watch was also issued for this area.

9). May 16, 10:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in northern Texas well east of Texahoma, Texas. This storm was a supercell thunderstorm and was intercepted during its gust-out or weakening stages. Hail up to dime / nickel size was encountered with extremely heavy rains and winds near 50 MPH. This storm was another giant hail producer, and produced grapefruit sized hail earlier near Texahoma. The storm weakened considerable at time of interception. Jeff Gammons and myself chase the storms in a 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. The storm was caused by surface heating, a stalled front to the north with a triple point on the dryline to the southwest. A vigorous shortwave trough provided the upper air support and shear for the supercell storm. Scott Blair, Eric Nguyen, Robert Hall, and Jeff Lawson also chased with us on this storm in separate vehicles.

10). May 21, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of severe thunderstorms in Eastern Wyoming. The storms developed east of the Rocky Mountains front range near Casper as elevated multicell thunderstorms. There were some bow line segments observed with some of these cells initially. The storms then evolved into a rather strong squall line along a very strong cold front. Precipitation was rather light to moderate with this line, but severe winds were observed. One 73 MPH gust was measured as a gustnado type vortex passed right across highway 26 near Torrington, Wyoming. These storms were caused by surface heating in very low dew points forced by a strong cold front. A 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area.

11). May 22, 6:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm and funnel cloud near Lebanon, Kansas west of highway 24. The storm was an HP supercell that developed in a line of severe thunderstorms. The storm was observed from its southeastern side and produced a large rotating wall cloud after some time. The storm weakened before a tornado could develop. Light rains and 40 MPH inflow winds were observed this region away from the storm core. A 2002 Chevy Blazer was used to observe the storms. Eric Nguyen, Amos Magliocco, and Scott Blair also were chasing with us in a caravan for the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A weak frontal boundary, surface heating, and advancing dryline produced the storms under strong shearing winds aloft. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area.

12). May 22, 8:00 PM - Direct penetration of a large severe thunderstorm southwest of Osborne, Kansas west of highway 24. The storm was an HP supercell thunderstorm and the chase track passed through the southern core of the storm. The RFD winds blasted out of the west during the core punch at over 65 MPH with torrential rains. The storm also had frequent lightning. A 2002 Chevy Blazer was used to observe the storms. Eric Nguyen and Scott Blair also were chasing with us in a caravan for the storms. Documentation was still photos, audio, and a camcorder. A weak frontal boundary, surface heating, and advancing dryline produced the storms under strong shearing winds aloft. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area.

13). May 22, 9:00 PM - Penetration of a very strong to possible severe thunderstorm neat Alton, Kansas west of highway 24. This storm had 40 MPH winds and hail at least dime sized. The thunderstorm was along a line of strong and severe thunderstorms. A 2002 Chevy Blazer was used to observe the storms. Eric Nguyen, Amos Magliocco, and Scott Blair also were chasing with us in a caravan for the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A weak frontal boundary, surface heating, and advancing dryline produced the storms under strong shearing winds aloft. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area.

14). May 23, 5:00 PM - Observation of a severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Lipscomb, Texas near Highway 15 and Highway 305. The storm was a classic supercell and produced frequent lightning and large hail (up to quarter sized) in the areas observed. The storm produced a brief tornado and was followed for 2 hours before the supercell dissipated. After the tornado, the storm still produced several large wall clouds and funnels. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A 2002 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms, which were caused by surface heating, an upper air disturbance / jet stream, stalled frontal boundary, and advancing dryline. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area.

15). May 23, 8:00 PM - Observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Spearman, Texas near Highway 70. The storm was a classic supercell and produced frequent lightning and a very large wall cloud. Hail up to nickel sized with strong winds to 50 MPH and heavy rains were also observed with these storms. The storm produced a brief rain-wrapped tornado before its powerful mesocyclone occluded. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A 2002 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms, which were caused by surface heating, an upper air disturbance / jet stream, stalled frontal boundary, and advancing dryline. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area.

16). May 23, 9:30 PM - Observation and direct penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm north of Pampa, Texas near highway 70. This storm was a violently rotating HP supercell with one of the most incredible and defined mesocyclones I ever seen. Lightning was continuous, and viewing the storm structure was no problem because of it. The storm was observed from Pampa to Miami, Texas during its very long lifecycle. On its southeast side, inflow winds 50 to 60 MPH were observed. The storm had a well developed vault region, wall cloud, hail core, and beaver’s tails extending out to the NE, SE and flaking to the SW. The entire updraft base was "liberty bell" shaped with many "stacked plates" in the mid-levels. The storm may have produced a large tornado, but it was not observed. A 2002 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storm. At 10:30 PM, I rode with Scott Blair in a 1996 Ford Taurus into the hail core on this cell. Frequent lightning with numerous close hits, torrential rains, baseball sized hail, and 80 MPH winds were found in the core. The car was knocked off the road and had its front windshield shattered by hail 3 inches, or more, in diameter! The Ford Taurus suffered numerous cratering to its body panels from the hail. This storm was caused by surface heating, an upper air disturbance / jet stream, stalled frontal boundary, and retreating dryline. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area.

17). May 24, 5:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm northeast of Childress, Texas. The storm was one of the first cells to initiate after 3:30 PM. The storm rapidly developed and became a supercell storm with inflow tails, notch, precipitation core, and vault. The storm persisted for a while as it was observed from a distance of a few miles. Only 20 MPH inflow winds and light rain with lightning was observed with this storm from its vantage point. As other weaker cells developed around the supercell, it evolved to LP mode and gradually dissipated. The supercell updraft did have a stacked plate striated appearance for a while before the storm dissipated. A 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV was used to chase the storm, which was caused by surface heating, an upper air disturbance, Gulf moisture, and a triple point of a dryline and cold front to the north. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A tornado watch was also issued for the area.

18). May 24, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm west of Quanah, Texas along highway 62. This storm was part a multicell portion of thunderstorms ahead of the advancing dryline. While passing through the storm, torrential rains, 45 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and dime to nickel sized hail was encountered. A 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV was used to chase the storm, which was caused by surface heating, an upper air disturbance, Gulf moisture, and a triple point of a dryline and cold front to the north. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A tornado watch was also issued for the area.

19). May 24, 8:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm northeast of Benjamin, Texas in King County from along highway 82. The chase track approached the storm from the west and passed just south of a very severe hail core under the rain-free base. 30 to 40 MPH inflow and outflow winds were encountered with this storm. The hail core had hail to grapefruit size but was not penetrated. This storm showed a TVS on radar, and visually had an RFD "slot" that quickly wrapped around the mesocyclone core and occluded the storm. The radar also indicated 79 VIL and 74 DBz base reflectivity with this cell! The storm was not penetrated, and gusted out to a linear feature north of Seymour, Texas. A 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV was used to chase the storm, which was caused by surface heating, an upper air disturbance, Gulf moisture, and a triple point of a dryline and cold front to the north. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A tornado watch was also issued for the area.

20). May 26, 7:00 PM - Penetration of severe thunderstorms near Hugoton and Liberal, Kansas. These storms were part of a multicell cluster of elevated (high based) strong and severe thunderstorms. When penetrating the storms near Liberal and Hugoton, moderate to heavy rains, 50 to 60 MPH winds, and nickel sized hail were encountered along with frequent lightning. The storms were caused by a region of convergence ahead of a weak dryline, an upper air disturbance, and surface heating. A 2002 Chevy Blazer SUV was used to chase these storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also issued for the area.

21). May 31, 5 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm and indirect penetration just east of Highway 27 in Broward County, Florida west of Miramar. The multi-cell cluster type thunderstorm briefly produced strong winds to 55 MPH that was observed blowing across a lake near a rock quarry. The storm also contained heavy rains and frequent lightning. NWS in Miami had both a severe thunderstorm warning and a tornado warning with these storms. Only some small funnel clouds were noted on the updraft base of these storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms, which were caused by a low-pressure trough, surface heating, and sea breeze convection.

22). June 7, 3:30 PM - Penetration and observation of a strong pulse type thunderstorm near Pines Boulevard and Interstate 75 in Miramar, Florida. The strong but short-lived storm fired rapidly along two intersecting outflow boundaries (one oriented SW to NE moving ESE, the other intersecting it from NW to SE and moving slowly N). The mini "triple point" where these boundaries intersected was also along the sea breeze convergence area and the storm cluster developed just ahead and to the east of it. There was also a weak low-pressure trough and upper trough to the northeast of the area at the time. The storms produced a brief pulse of 40-MPH winds, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

23). July 2, 2:30 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Krome Avenue south of Highway 27 in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The storms were part of a multi-cell cluster and contained strong winds near 50-MPH, small hail, frequent lightning, and torrential rains. An upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

24). July 3, 4:00 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Highway 27 in Palm Beach County, Florida about 5 miles north of the Palm Beach County border. The storms were part of a multi-cell cluster and contained strong winds near 40-MPH, frequent lightning and torrential rains. The rainfall with this system was extremely heavy, and a large shelf cloud was noted on the south side of one of the stronger cells. An upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

25). July 5, 2:45 PM - Direct penetration of a brief severe thunderstorm near Sheridan Street and State Road 7 in Broward County, Florida. The multi-cell storm was caused by two outflow boundaries, one coming from the south, the other from the northwest from previous severe cells in Miami and Pompano Beach, respectively. The storm over Hollywood near the Seminole Indian Reservation reached severe intensity as these two boundaries interacted near the sea breeze front. The storm contained frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, hail to dime sized, and winds gusting over 50-MPH. Some street flooding, tree limbs broken loose, and power outages were also noted with this storm. The conditions were also reported to the lead forecaster at NWS Miami and a warning was issued for this area. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. Surface heating, an upper level trough, outflow boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storms.

26). July 5, 3:30 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of another severe thunderstorm near Sunrise, Florida along Interstate 595 just south of Oakland Park Blvd. The storm was actually a short lived and small HP supercell storm with a shallow low-level rotation and small "notch" area. Some funnel clouds were noted in this area, which quickly "occluded" and filled in with rain. The core of this storm was not penetrated, but winds over 30-MPH, heavy rains, and frequent lightning was observed east of the cell. After occlusion, the storm filled in with rain and quickly moved east out to sea as a multi-cell cluster / squall-line segment. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. Surface heating, an upper level trough, outflow boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storms.

27). July 12, 2:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm over Fort Lauderdale, Florida near Broward Blvd and State Road 7. This was a small storm but persisted for over an hour and at one point, developed a low-level mesocyclone. This storm had the characteristics of a mini supercell storm and produced several wall clouds and mildly rotating scud / funnels beneath its "round" updraft base. The precipitation core to the northeast of this storm had winds up to 40 MPH with very heavy rains and lightning. An upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

28). July 12, 5:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm to the Northwest of Weston, Florida along highway 27. This was a possible HP supercell type storm that developed at the intersection of two major outflow boundaries near the east-coast sea breeze convergence line. The storm core quickly became outflow dominant and a squall line / bow-segment type storm crossed highway 27 then into the metro areas near the Sawgrass expressway. The storm contained winds over 55-MPH, torrential rains, and frequent lightning at this point. A large wall cloud was noted in the inflow "notch" of this storm prior to occlusion with 30-MPH SE inflow winds. The upper portions of this storm also had slight banding. An upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and a time-lapse video of the gust front after this storm dissipated.

29). July 15, 3:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm over Miramar, Florida near Interstate 75 and Miramar Parkway. This storm was a multi-cell type strong thunderstorm that produced heavy rains and winds to 40 MPH, but deadly and very frequent lightning. Almost a dozen close CG hits were observed with this storm, all less than 1 mile from the chase vehicle! A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. A weak trough of low pressure and sea breeze convergence activity caused the storms.

30). Aug 8, 7:00 PM - Observation of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm west of Highway 27 and Krome Avenue in west central Broward / Miami-Dade counties. The multi-cell storm had a very well developed shelf cloud, inflow bands, and rain / hail shafts. The core of this storm was not penetrated but outflow winds of 40-MPH were encountered near the shelf cloud on its southern edge. Surprisingly, not much lightning was observed with this storm despite its organized structure. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos. A weak trough of low pressure and sea breeze convergence activity caused the storms.

31). Aug 12, 4:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in western sections of Broward County along highway 27 several miles south of Interstate 595. The storm was part of a small multi-cell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms with the most intense cell on its southwest side. This cell became persistent and back-built to the SSW. Conditions inside this storm were winds over 60-MPH, small hail, torrential rains, and nearly continuous CG lightning with numerous close hits. The storm weakened somewhat but maintained its slow SSW movement until an outflow boundary from another non-severe storm to its SW undercut its inflow. A small low-level rotation with funnel cloud was observed on the inflow side of this cell prior to dissipation at 6 PM. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, and sea-breeze boundary produced the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

32). Aug 13, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of strong and severe thunderstorm cluster near South Bay, Florida and Highway 27 in western Palm Beach county. The thunderstorms were part of an ongoing MCS on the southeast side of Lake Okeechobee. After 4 PM, these storms weakened and sent an outflow boundary southwards. Meanwhile, a strong to severe cell over Collier County also weakened and sent an outflow boundary northeastwards. The occlusion of these two boundaries, along the sea breeze convergence (well inland due to SE low level winds), fired a severe cell just south of South Bay after 4:30 PM. This cell produced a well-defined funnel cloud half way to the ground at one point near the sugar refinery west of highway 27. The cell also evolved to an HP supercell like structure before RFD gust-out and evolution into a squall line by 5 PM. The storm was also penetrated, and had winds near 60-MPH with frequent lightning and close CG hits. A sea-breeze boundary and remnant low-pressure trough caused the storms with the inland surface heating. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

33). Sep 11, 5:30 PM - Observation and penetration of strong thunderstorms along Highway 27 in western sections of Broward county, Florida near Interstate 595. The storm began as a multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms over the Everglades. One cell developed a weak low-level mesocyclone with a precipitation core, rain-free base, wall cloud, and inflow bands. The storm quickly became outflow-dominant and evolved into a bow segment. Winds in this segment were gusting near 45-MPH with heavy rains and frequent lightning. The storms were caused by low-level moisture convergence well east of a developing tropical depression in the Gulf of Mexico and outflow boundaries. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

34). Oct 3, ALL-DAY - Interception, penetration, and observation of Hurricane Lili as it made landfall in Southwestern Louisiana near Abbeville and New Iberia. The storm was an extremely dangerous category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 145 MPH that weakened to a category 2 with winds just over 100 MPH at time of landfall near 8 AM. The chase involved a long drive out of Florida on October 2 to the primary target area of Abbeville, Louisiana. During the evening of October 2, Jeff Gammons with the "Weathervine" storm chase team and myself met up with several chasers from the central US including Scott Blair. The "base" was a school in Abbeville to observe the storm. Near midnight, Lili had 140 MPH+ winds and made a slight jog to the right so we all adjusted our target using highway 14 to a hotel in New Iberia. Lili continued to weaken over up-welled cooler water near the landfall point to 120 MPH, then 100 MPH at landfall at 8 AM on Oct 3. We began driving south and penetrated the hurricane forced wind-field. Trees began falling and storm-surge began filling the marshes around our vehicles. Law officials noted us we needed to turn around, so we continued back towards New Iberia. The hurricane wind-field soon came into this area, and we all set up in a parking lot to measure and observe the winds. Winds gusted to over 75-MPH with a pressure drop to 988 MB. Winds were strong ENE then shifted SE. This was out cue to shift back west to Abbeville along highway 14 because the eye took a jog back west. The winds were ESE and gusted over 100 MPH. Numerous power lines and trees were observed falling. Many roof pieces began flying across the roads along with leaves and other tree debris. Just east of Abbeville, we penetrated the primary energy cell (main convection NE of the eye). Visibility dropped to ZERO with violent sideways rain. The air was filled with debris and tree implements as winds gusted over 100 MPH. We continued west and positioned ourselves back in Abbeville just E of the calm eye in the maximum winds. ENE winds quickly shifted south, then south-southwest as a notably clear area passed to our west. Road networks to our west prevented us from penetrating the calm eye, but lowest pressure measured was 975 MB in Abbeville. Damage was moderate with numerous downed trees and power lines, even some major roof damage and downed signs. Flooding was also major in some areas. Of course, power remained out at all times. The storm was now inland and weakened to 90 MPH sustained winds. We headed back east along highway 14, back to New Iberia to document damage and begin exiting the storm with many detours around impassable streets due to power lines / tree damage. By afternoon we were headed back east along interstate 10 for a 15 hour drive back to Florida. Total mileage on this chase was 2054 miles! Maximum stretch with no sleep was 52 hours! Maximum wind gusts, near 110 MPH! Lowest pressure was measured at 975 MB. Documentation was still photos, a camcorder, and audio. A 2001 Ford Escape was used for our part of this chase with many weather instruments mounted on its roof. The NWS issues a flood warning, tornado watch, and hurricane warning for all areas observed. Some extremely severe thunderstorms were also observed on the forward-right side of Lili. One such storm had some of the most violent rain I have ever seen and a meso-low type feature where winds were SE on its NE side and NE on its western side.

35). Nov 16, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm in Glades County, Florida just to the east of Clewiston, Florida along highway 98. The storm was the remnants of an HP supercell type storm developing ahead of a cold front well to the west. The supercell had a tornado indicated by radar, occluded, and evolved into a small bow type (probably RFD based) segment. This area was penetrated and 45 MPH winds, lightning, and extremely heavy rains were encountered. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms, along with Jeff Gammons as a chase partner. Strong dynamic lift ahead of a strong cold front and low-pressure system caused the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 4PM EST. Documentation was a camcorder.

36). Nov 16, 7:30 PM - Penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms along Interstate 595 near Weston, Florida in central Broward County. This storm was a multi-cell cluster / line segment moving east at 20 MPH with individual convective cells moving NE at near 45 MPH. This storm had very heavy rains, frequent lightning with numerous close hits, and winds at or exceeding 50 MPH in some areas. The storm caused numerous power outages. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Strong dynamic lift ahead of a strong cold front and low-pressure system caused the storms in a high wind-shear environment. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 9PM EST. Documentation was a camcorder.

37). Dec 9, 8:30 PM - Penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms along A1A near North Miami Beach, Florida in northeastern Dade County. This storm was a small supercell type storm moving north at 15 MPH. The storm was approached from the north, were east winds to 50 MPH were observed with torrential rains and sporadic lightning. Once the core was penetrated, winds quickly let up with a light drizzle and WSW winds 10 to 15 MPH. This was near the rain-free base on the SW side of the storm. The storm had a radar-indicated tornado warning and severe thunderstorm warning on it but no tornado was observed. The wind shift was probably the associated low-level mesocyclone associated with the "mini" supercell storm. Significant flooding was also observed with this storm. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Strong dynamic lift ahead of a developing low-pressure system well to the NW along with moisture convergence near a warm front caused the storms in a high wind-shear environment. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 4AM EST.

Summary - This concludes the 2002 chase season. The summary includes a total of 37 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 26 severe thunderstorms were involved, 9 strong thunderstorms, at least 3 tornadoes, and one hurricane. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used in 21 observations, with vehicles in the 16 central USA chases involving a 2002 Chevy Blazer rental, a 1998 Toyota 4-Runner, a 1996 Ford Taurus, and a 1999 Dodge Regency van.

2). Feb 22, 10:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along Highway 27 near the Broward and Palm Beach County borders in Florida. The storm was an intense cell along a line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Extremely heavy rains, 50-60 MPH winds, and frequent lightning was observed with this storm. The storm also had a well-developed gust front and was highly outflow-dominant. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. This storm was part of a squall line of thunderstorms well ahead of a strong cold front.

3). Mar 14, 5:30 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm east of Belle Glade, Florida. The storm was a strong thunderstorm that had some supercell characteristics (beaver’s tail, wall cloud, separated precipitation core) for a short while. The storm did not last very long and its core was not directly penetrated. Frequent lightning with a close hit, heavy rains, and 30 MPH winds were observed with this storm. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. Surface heating, and low pressure / strong winds aloft caused the storms.

4). Mar 14, 5:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm in Dade County, Florida from near Sweetwater and Tamiami trail at the Dade County Youth Fair. This was not a dedicated chase, but some strong winds to 45 MPH, lightning, and heavy rains were observed. The core of this storm did not pass over the fairgrounds. The fair operations were shut down due to the storm, which had core conditions containing hail to dime sized and 60 MPH winds. Documentation of this storm was still photos.

5). Mar 17, 5:30 PM - Distant observation of a very severe thunderstorm from Palm Beach County, Florida. The thunderstorm was over the coastal waters about 30 miles east of Miami. This offered an excellent view of the storm 70 miles away to the northwest. The storm was a full-blown supercell thunderstorm (Meso, 64 DBz, 60+ VIL) with a typical "crown" anvil and over-shooting top. The storm was not penetrated, only observed from afar. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. Surface boundaries, and low pressure (cold air) with very strong winds aloft (jet stream max) caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. Surface boundaries, and low pressure (cold air) with very strong winds aloft (jet stream max) caused the storms.

6). Mar 17, 8:30 PM - External observation of severe thunderstorms from along Highway 27 in western Palm Beach / northern Broward Counties in South Florida. The thunderstorms were part of a multi-cell line moving east across the state at about 30 MPH. Again, the cores of these cells were not penetrated, but frequent lightning was observed. The cores of some storms with this line contained dime sized hail and 80 MPH winds. These storms were missed because it was nearly impossible to catch up with them from behind due to limited road options. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. Surface boundaries, and low pressure / strong winds aloft (jet stream) caused the storms.

7). Mar 18, 4:30 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm along Highway 27 in western Palm Beach / Broward Counties in Florida. The storm was an intense area of multi-cell storms with lightning, torrential rains, small hail, and 45-MPH winds. The storms moved east, and were intercepted near the Boca Raton area during rush hour with similar conditions. The storm(s) quickly moves offshore thereafter. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. Surface heating and remnant instability in the wake of low pressure aloft caused the storms.

8). Mar 27, 3:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm SW of Belle Glade, Florida. The storm was a well-developed HP supercell type thunderstorm that developed south of a stationary outflow boundary in strongly backed SE winds. The storm developed at 2 PM, observed west of Highway 27 south of South Bay. The storm evolved onto a supercell and developed a velocity couplet (on radar) with a 48 VIL and 64 DBz. A large wall cloud and several funnel clouds (one half way to the ground) were observed on the rain-free base of the supercell. It is quite possible that one of these briefly touched down. The storm occluded by 4 PM and crossed highway 27. The storm was followed east into the Palm-Beach Metro areas by 5:30 PM. The storm re-generated an inflow notch and wall cloud west of Wellington, where another funnel cloud was observed. A 180-degree shift in winds was found under this feature (mesocyclone). The storm also produced lightning, torrential rains with 5" accumulations, and winds to 60-MPH. Flooding and power outages were also observed with this storm. The storm moved into the coastal waters by 6 PM, still a supercell. Little hail was encountered with this storm, mainly because the hail-core was not penetrated. A strong upper level low-pressure system, surface heating, and strong speed / directional shear caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2001 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. The conditions observed with this storm were also reported live via cell phone to Channel 5 News at 5:10 PM. A severe thunderstorm watch and tornado watch were both active for these areas chased until 7 PM EST.

9). May 2, 7:00 PM - Penetration and observation of a strong thunderstorm along Highway 27 in western sections of Broward County, Florida. Torrential rains, lightning with some close hits, and 45-MPH winds were observed with this storm on the western side of the precipitation core about 5 miles northwest of Weston along Highway 25 north of Interstate 595. The storm was a multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms associated with an outflow boundary, surface heating, and sea breeze activity. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

10). May 13, 6:30 PM - Penetration and observation of a strong thunderstorm along Interstate 75 in central Broward County, Florida. Torrential rains, frequent lightning with numerous close hits, and 45-MPH winds were observed with this multi-cell storm near Sheridan street. The storms were caused by an outflow boundary, surface heating, and sea breeze activity. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Power was knocked out in some areas by the storm.

11). May 15, 10:30 PM - Severe thunderstorm conditions encountered west of Gainesville, Texas just west of Interstate 35. This storm was part of a cluster of severe thunderstorms, some supercells. Our storm was a weaker cell that passed just south of our location. Frequent lightning, light rain, and winds gusting to over 60 MPH. Power lines were blown down by the storm and numerous power-flashes were observed. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. The storms were caused by an upper-level disturbance, surface heating, and outflow boundary activity.

12). May 16, 4:30 PM - Observation of a severe / tornadic HP supercell type storm northwest of highway 2 between Antlers and Clayton, Oklahoma. The storm developed near the dryline boundary and southeast of an advancing surface low-pressure system with strong upper-level low. This storm was not penetrated, but a large wall cloud was observed with the storm, with 20-30 MPH inflow winds. The storm was abandoned after passing through the Kiamichi mountains. The radar-indicated tornado was not encountered with this storm. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was in effect for this area until 6 PM CDT.

13). May 16, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a fast-moving severe (multicell) thunderstorm near De Queen, Arkansas along highways 259 and 70. Brief wind gusts to 60-MPH, pea to dime sized hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning was observed as the storm was penetrated. A low-pressure system, surface heating, a strong upper-air low, and advancing dryline caused the storms. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was in effect for this area until 6 PM CDT.

14). May 19, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm near Velma, Oklahoma. The storm was a supercell thunderstorm that developed on the south side of a line of severe thunderstorms. Very large hail was observed with this storm, around golf ball sized, driven by winds over 60-MPH. The storm also produced frequent lightning and extremely heavy rains. A large rotating wall cloud was observed on the south side of the storm as it developed an inflow notch. The storm went HP, then classic, cycled mesocyclones several times, then evolved to LP with "stacked-plates" before weakening after nearly 3 hours. This storm had an incredible hail roar, and the anemometer on the Weatherlab station was broken by hail. A strong cold front, dryline, upper-level trough, and surface heating caused the storms in a sheared environment. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still photos, audio recording, and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

15). May 19, 8:30 PM - Observation of another severe HP supercell type thunderstorm in Love County, Texas near Courtney just north of the Red River. This storm was a supercell storm which quickly became under-cut from outflow from the north. The storm produced vivid lightning, a large wall cloud, and 30 MPH inflow winds from our observation point. The storm core was not penetrated. A strong cold front, dryline, upper-level trough, and surface heating caused the storms in a sheared environment. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

16). May 22, 7:30 PM - Observation of a small but fully rotating LP (and low-topped) supercell storm near Studley, Kansas north of highway 24. This storm was not penetrated but assumed to be a strong thunderstorm. The storm had a tight, LP structure with low-top and rotating low-level meso with the "stacked-Plate" effect, just very small! The storm lasted for about an hour and a half after becoming detached from a multi-cell storm cluster. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. Surface heating, a convergence boundary, and high speed / directional shear environment with limited moisture caused the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM, CDT.

17). May 23, 6:00 PM - Observation of a severe high-based thunderstorm north of Pueblo, Colorado just west of Interstate 25. The storm was a multicell high-based cluster of severe thunderstorms developing near the front-range. The thunderstorms developed some rotation briefly, but quickly became outflow dominant. The storms were very striking visually. Their cores were not penetrated, but 30-MPH winds and lightning was observed on their south side. An upper level disturbance, up-slope convection, and surface heating caused the storms. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area until 7 PM, MDT.

18). May 23, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms near Fowler, Colorado near highway 10. These were high-based severe thunderstorms that produced frequent lightning, heavy rains, copious amounts of hail to 3/4", and winds near 60-MPH. The storms also produced a small land spout type tornado during an updraft phase. An upper level disturbance, outflow boundary, up-slope convection, and surface heating caused the storms. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos, audio recording, and a camcorder.

19). May 24, 5:30 PM - Observation of a small LP supercell northwest of Wheeler, Texas. The storm was part of a cluster of thunderstorms with three LP supercells! One of the three storms took superiority and evolved into a line cluster of severe thunderstorms. The call was not penetrated, but did produce hail and strong inflow (30-MPH) winds. Strong winds aloft, a outflow boundary, an upper trough, and surface heating caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM, CDT.

20). May 24, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe HP supercell type storm near Pampa, Texas. This storm developed on the southwestern end of a thunderstorm cluster (tail-end charley) with an incredible and rapidly rotating structure. The storm also produced a funnel / possible tornado north of Pampa. The storm occluded and cycled as it back-built to the southwest over Pampa. During a fuel-stop, we were forced to wait out the storm under the gas station canopy. Golf ball sized hail was observed with very large isolated baseball sized pieces smashing the canopy! Radar indicated a tornado with this storm the whole time, but only a low, rotating wall cloud with funnels was observed. When hail sized became acceptable, we continued south on highway 70 to get ahead of the storm, which evolved back to a multicell cluster. Torrential rains, frequent lightning, and 60-MPH winds were also observed with these storms. Strong winds aloft, a outflow boundary, an upper trough, and surface heating caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder, audio recording, and still photos. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM, CDT.

21). May 25, 7:30 PM - Observation of severe thunderstorms near Carlsbad, New Mexico and farther to the east and southeast. Initial development just east of Carlsbad quickly became severe. The storm was not directly penetrated, but hail to one half inch, 30-MPH winds, and heavy rains was observed on its northern side along highway 62. The storm briefly evolved to HP supercell mode producing copious amounts of large hail and some small funnels. The storm quickly evolved to an outflow dominant MCS thereafter. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A 2003 Chevy Blazer was used to chase the storms. The storms were caused by upslope winds, surface heating, and an upper-air disturbance. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 11 PM, CDT.

22). June 2, 6:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm along highway 27 in western sections of Palm Beach County, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell storm cluster with one cell exhibiting HP supercell characteristics for a short time. The storm eventually evolved into an outflow-dominant line which back-built towards the northwest. Torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, pea to dime sized hail, and 65 to 70-MPH winds were observed with this storm. An outflow boundary, surface heating, sea breeze activity, and a weak low-pressure trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

23). July 22, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms along highway 27 in western sections of Broward County, Florida. The storm was part of an outflow-dominant multi-cell storm line with one intense embedded pulse-type storm. Torrential rains, frequent lightning, and winds near 50-MPH were observed with this storm. An outflow boundary, surface heating, sea breeze activity, and a weak low-pressure trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

24). July 29, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms along highway 80 in Central sections of Glades County, Florida. The storm was a short-lived severe thunderstorm that exhibited supercell (HP) characteristics for a short time (beaver’s tail, small vault, inflow features). Heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds near 40-MPH were observed with this storm. Inflow into the storm raised a small dust plume during storm development near between Clewiston and Labelle. An outflow boundary, surface heating, sea breeze activity, and a upper-level low-pressure area caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

25). Aug 7, 6:00 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Lauderhill, Florida near Oakland Park Blvd and Pine Island Road. The storm was a supercell type storm (HP) embedded in a line of severe thunderstorms. Torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and winds over 60-MPH were observed with this storm. The storm spawned a small funnel cloud and wall cloud on the north side of a small but intense RFD slot. This line of thunderstorms was the same system that produced a damaging tornado farther north in northern Palm Beach County. A low-pressure tough, surface heating, sea breeze activity, and a upper-level trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

26). Aug 8, 4:00 PM - Observation of outflow-dominant but strong thunderstorms in western sections of Palm Beach County, Florida. The storms had a strong gust front and "rotating head" type low-level mesocyclone on its northern end. Winds to 40-MPH, lightning and heavy rains were observed with this storm. A low-pressure tough, surface heating, sea breeze activity, and a upper-level trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

27). Aug 9, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of strong and severe thunderstorms near Highway 27 eastward along Interstate 595 in western Broward County, Florida. The strongest thunderstorms had winds up to 60-MPH, frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, and small hail to dime size (sporadically for a short time). A wall cloud also was observed on the south side of this storm under the rain-free base. A low-pressure tough, surface heating, sea breeze activity, outflow boundaries, and a upper-level trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder.

28). Oct 13, 5:30 PM - Observation of small but interesting funnel cloud under a small convective shower west of Miramar, Florida west of Interstate 75. The small funnel developed on the NW side of a region of towering cumulus and lasted for up to 15 minutes, at one point, forming a needle funnel 1/3 way from the cloud base to the ground. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used in this impromptu observation. Documentation was a camcorder and still photos. A weak cold front and sea breeze boundaries provided the conditions for the storm.

29). Dec 14, 3:00 PM - Observation and penetration of strong thunderstorms near Highway 27 eastward along Highway 41 in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties, Florida. The strongest thunderstorms had winds up to 50-MPH, occasional lightning, and extremely heavy rains. Minor flooding and some power outages were also observed with this storm. This was a multi-cell line of thunderstorms. The storms were part of a pre-frontal wave ahead of a strong cold front. A strong cold front (prefrontal wave), outflow boundaries, and a strong upper-level trough caused the storms. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos.

Summary - This concludes the 2003 chase season. The summary includes a total of 29 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 21 severe thunderstorms were involved, 7 strong thunderstorms, and 4 tornadoes / funnel clouds. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used in 18 observations. In the 11 chases in the central USA, a 2003 Chevy Blazer rental, a 2003 Toyota 4-Runner, and a 2002 Chevy Suburban were involved.

2). Apr 9, 5:30 PM - Observation and penetration of strong thunderstorms near Parkland, Florida off the Sawgrass Expressway near Coral Springs Drive. The storm was multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms. Heavy rains, sporadic lightning, and winds gusting near 40-MPH winds were observed with these storms. A low-pressure trough and surface heating was responsible for the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

3). Apr 10, 7:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Krome Avenue and Highway 27 in west-central Broward County, Florida. The storm was part of a small storm cluster that actually had some supercell characteristics on radar before weakening at time of penetration. Heavy rains, lightning, and winds gusting near 35-MPH winds were observed with this storm along Krome Avenue. A low-pressure trough, outflow boundary, and surface heating were responsible for this storm. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storm (with Jeff Gammons of the "Weathervine" Storm Chase Team).

4). Apr 12, 8:30 AM - Direct penetration of severe thunderstorms from north of Interstate 595 along Highway 27 from west-central Broward County, Florida then eastward along Interstate 595 to near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The storms were part of a squall line / line-segment of severe thunderstorms. Torrential rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, very small hail, and winds gusting over 60-MPH winds were observed with these storms. Minor flooding, power outages, and tree damage was encountered with the storms. A pre-frontal trough, strong upper-level dynamics, and a low-pressure system were responsible for the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 11 AM EDT.

5). Apr 13, 3:00 AM - Penetration of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm near Lauderhill, Florida near the Florida Turnpike and Oakland Park Blvd. The storm was a possible small supercell storm embedded in a cluster of strong thunderstorms. Miami WSR-88D Doppler radar showed a TVS with this storm. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, and winds gusting over 35-MPH winds were observed with this storm. The possible tornado was not discernible. Street flooding was encountered with the storm, caused by a pre-frontal trough, strong upper-level dynamics, and a low-pressure system. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

6). May 13, 4:00 PM - Penetration of severe thunderstorms just west of Throckmorton, Texas along highway 380. The thunderstorms were part of a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms with short-lived embedded HP supercell storms. Winds near 60 MPH, heavy rains, and hail up to 3/4" was observed with these storms. This was the first storm intercepted this trip out. A low pressure trough, advancing dryline, and cold-front coupled with surface heating caused the storms. A tornado watch also was in effect for this area until 7PM CDT. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder.

7). May 13, 6:30 PM - Indirect Penetration of severe thunderstorms southeast of Abilene and southwest of Cisco, Texas along highway 36. The thunderstorms were formerly HP supercell storms that evolved into a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. Winds near 50 MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and hail up to 1-inch was observed with these storms. Hail was found accumulated in drifts along the side of highway 36. A low pressure trough, advancing dryline, and cold-front coupled with surface heating caused the storms. A tornado watch also was in effect for this area until 7PM CDT. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder.

8). May 16, 7:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm and two tornadoes from Buffalo County, Nebraska northeastward to the area northeast of the town of Rockville, Nebraska. The storm produced very large hail (not observed), frequent lightning, and two tornadoes which were observed near Rockville, which had the tornado sirens blaring. 65 MPH RFD winds were also encountered on the south side of the storm "bears cage" prior to intercepting the tornadoes. This storm produced a total of 4 small tornadoes, two of which were observed on this cyclic supercell. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure system, strong winds aloft (directional and speed shear), and a surface boundary. Documentation was still photos, audio recording, and a camcorder. A tornado watch was in effect for this area until 7PM CDT.

9). May 17, 7:30 PM - Observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm from near Russell, Kansas eastward near I-70 to near Wilson, Kansas. The storm produced very large hail at least 2 inches (not observed), frequent lightning with nearly direct close hits, and RFD winds near 60 MPH. The storm was a vigorously rotating supercell thunderstorm with a rapidly rotating wall cloud. The supercell mesocyclone caused the "stacked plate" effect to be visible on the eastern side of the updraft. The storm was caused by a surface heating, a low pressure system, strong winds aloft (directional and speed shear), and a surface boundary / dryline punch. Documentation was still photos, audio recording, and a camcorder. A tornado watch was in effect for this area until 10PM CDT. One CG lightning hit was so close that electronics were damaged by it. The Weatherlab dew point sensor was burned out, and a laptop battery was destroyed by the static field. The anemometer assembly was also damaged by the strong RFD winds.

10). May 20, 8:00 PM - Interception of a extremely severe supercell thunderstorm and tornado in Well and Washington counties, Colorado. The storm was first observed from its point of initiation over Weld County and quickly acquired LP supercell status. The storm was observed becoming increasingly better organized and had the classic "saucer" appearance due to the rapidly rotating mesocyclone. The storm cycled several times and blasted us with 60-70 MPH RFD winds at one point. The hail, at least 2 inches in diameter, was not intercepted. The storm produced continuous lightning as it entered Washington County and dropped a large tornado northeast of the small town of Akron, Colorado. After nearly 5 hours and about 70 miles of travel, the supercell evolved to LP again south of I-76 and gradually shrunk (dissipated). Documentation of this storm was a camcorder, still photos, and audio. The storm was caused by surface heating, upslope lift, and upper air trough, and weak surface low (high directional shear). A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 11 PM MDT.

11). May 21, 7:30 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm to the southeast of O’Neil, Nebraska. The storm was a northern supercell thunderstorm in a cluster of two thunderstorms. Both storms developed explosively. The northern cell produced a rotating wall cloud with a funnel observed. Large hail to 3/4 inches, moderate rain, and 40 MPH winds were observed with this storm. We passed south of the storm's mesocyclone between it and the southern storm. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough / system, surface heating, and directional wind shear (jet stream aloft). Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. A tornado watch box was in effect for this area until 11 PM CDT.

12). May 21, 9:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm to the east of Norfolk, Nebraska. This storm was a supercell thunderstorm on the south side of a thunderstorm line (tail end Charlie) which became well organized sporting the "stacked plate" structure ahead of its RFD shelf cloud before slowly evolving into an MCS, which continued eastward for hours. The supercell storm had CONTINUOUS CC and awesome anvil "flicker" lightning during its highpoint, as it produced a large lowering and possible tornado northeast of Norfolk in Wayne County, Nebraska. Giant hail up to golf ball sized was observed falling sporadically in a field a few hundred feet away. As this storm evolved to and MCS, it continued to produce 50+ MPH winds and continuous lightning, funnel clouds, and numerous rotating wall clouds were observed (the line of thunderstorms also contained embedded mesocyclones). These storms were caused by a low pressure system, surface heating and boundaries, and directional wind shear (jet stream aloft). Documentation was still photos, audio, and a camcorder. A tornado watch box was in effect for this area until 11 PM CDT.

13). May 22, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of an EXTREMELY severe, tornadic, and dangerous supercell thunderstorm from east of Hastings, Nebraska to north of Beatrice, Nebraska. This storm was a monster supercell thunderstorm that began as a classic supercell and evolved to an HP supercell at least 30 miles across. The storm produced at least 6 cyclic tornadoes. The first was a large wedge barely visible west of the storm (we were too late because we aborted a northern diversion around the core of the supercell). The tornado path was crossed where power poles were snapped, grass scoured off the hillside, irrigation equipment was mangled, and worst of all, a two-story house was ripped apart by the previous tornado. The storm produced inflow winds up to 60 MPH even 5 miles to the southeast of the storm. The storm had hail to 4 inches (but only sporadic golf ball sized hail was seen as we tried hard to avoid the core at all costs). Lightning was continuous. Multiple funnel clouds formed around the storms RFD flank. The supercell acquired a full "stacked plate" appearance, but this time, it stretched across the entire sky. A large wedge-type tornado (possibly) was observed about 15 miles northwest of Beatrice as the storm passed by. A faint, low roaring (train) sound was noted with this feature. Later, preliminary reports of damage came in from that general area, which we were only a mile or so away from at the time of the possible tornado! This storm was part of a severe weather outbreak caused by a dryline punch, upper air support (jet stream and wind shear), strong low pressure system, and intense surface heating. Documentation was still photos, a camcorder, and audio. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 11 PM CDT.

14). May 24, 4:30 PM - Observation of a tornadic supercell storm from near Falls City, Nebraska to northwest of Oregon, Missouri. This storm produced funnels and rapidly rotating wall clouds. We indirectly penetrated the storm, and experienced 50 MPH winds, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and hail to 3/4". The storm had hail up to baseball sized (core not penetrated and hail not observed at that size). This storm was abandoned due to poor road networks and went on to produce many tornadoes (not observed). A low pressure system, daytime heating, outflow boundaries, and wind-shear (jet stream) caused the storms. A tornado watch was in effect for this area until 10PM CDT. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder.

15). May 24, 6:30 PM - Observation of another severe tornadic supercell thunderstorm south of Belleview, Kansas. This storm was a classic (with an LP characteristic) supercell that was formerly tornadic (before intercepting it) and produced funnels and rapidly rotating wall clouds. The storm core was not penetrated but had inflow winds to 40 MPH from a few miles to the southeast. The storm weakened shortly after, but not before having an impressive visual appearance! A low pressure system, daytime heating, cold-front, dryline, and wind-shear (jet stream) caused the storms. A tornado watch was in effect for this area until 10PM CDT. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder.

16). May 24, 8:30 PM - Penetration and observation of severe thunderstorms south of Topeka, Kansas along highway 75. This storm was also a tornadic supercell that evolved to HP. It's core was penetrated where 60 to 70 MPH winds, torrential rains, frequent lightning, and hail to golf ball sized was observed. The south side of the storm had a wall cloud, some funnels, but no major tornadoes. A low pressure system, daytime heating, outflow boundaries, and wind-shear (jet stream) caused the storms. A tornado watch was in effect for this area until 10PM CDT. Documentation was still photos, audio, and a camcorder.

17). May 25, 8:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Dyess Air Force Base in Abilene, Texas south of Interstate 20. The storm was a severe thunderstorm and possibly a weak supercell storm. Torrential rains, winds gusting to 60 MPH, 3/4" hail, and frequent lightning with close hits. This storm had a small wall cloud along its rain-free base on its southern side. Winds were strong out of the east north of the storm core and light westerly south of it (possible mesocyclone). The storm was caused by a cold front, surface heating, and an upper level trough. Documentation was a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch box was in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

18). May 26, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Altus, Oklahoma. The storm was a strange left-split LP supercell type storm with golf ball sized hail (not penetrated) and an anticyclonic mesocyclone. Conditions encountered with this storm were frequent lightning with some close hits, heavy rains, small hail, and 50 MPH winds. The storm was caused by an outflow boundary, stationary front, surface heating, dryline, and an upper level trough. Documentation was still photos, audio, and a camcorder. A tornado watch box was in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

19). May 27, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of severe thunderstorms just southeast of Stephenville, Texas along highway 281. The storm was a bow-segment of a multicellular storm cluster containing embedded supercells (mesocyclones). The storm had a striated appearance with an inflow-notch and rain-free base for a short while, then it quickly evolved into a bow / line segment with destructive straight-line winds. On the south end of the cell in the line, winds suddenly increased to 80 MPH (or more) with sideways rains. Frequent lightning with close hits was also observed with this storm. The storm also contained large hail, but that area was avoided. Documentation was still photos and a camcorder. Wind damage was observed with this storm and the damage report relayed to the Skywarn network (on HAM frequencies). The storm also produced a brief tornado (not observed) in addition to wind damage. The storm was caused by an advancing dryline, daytime heating, and strong upper level disturbance. A severe thunderstorm watch box was in effect for this area until 8 PM CDT.

20). May 29, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic supercell thunderstorm near highway 36 and west of the small town of Cuba north of Concordia, Kansas. This storm was a "tail end Charlie" storm and produced multiple large wall clouds and / or tornadoes at the same time during its highpoint. Inflow winds 5 miles from the storm updraft exceeded 60 MPH, and were more than enough to cause wind damage to trees and structures. Hail in this storm was at least baseball sized, but the dangerous core of this storm was avoided at all costs. Frequent lightning with close hits was also observed in light anvil precipitation. The enhanced mammatus clouds from the supercell anvil resembled "sea anemone tentacles" rather than the typical "women’s breast" appearance. A strong low pressure system, dryline punch, warm front / boundary, speed and directional shear (strong wind / jet stream aloft), and surface heating caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and still pictures. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

21). June 22, 3:30 PM - Penetration of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm near Highway 27 and the Florida Turnpike in Miami-Dade county, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, small hail, and winds gusting over 50-MPH winds were observed with this storm. Street flooding, tree damage, and power knocked out were noted with the storm. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms.

22). July 14, 5:30 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Miramar / Northwest Miami-Dade county, Florida near the Homestead extension of the Florida Turnpike. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, hail up to ½ inch, and winds gusting over 45-MPH winds were observed with this storm. Street flooding was also noted with the storm. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

23). July 15, 5:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in western sections of Pembroke Pines, Florida near Highway 27 and Griffith road. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, hail up to 1 inch (quarter sized), and winds gusting near 65-MPH were observed with the core of this storm. A large rain-free base and wall cloud was also noted on the SW side of the severe thunderstorm cell. Tree damage, power outages, and street flooding were also noted with the storm. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, pre-existing boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. Documentation was still photos. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. The storm was also reported to NWS Miami via HAM radio (Skywarn net).

24). July 16, 2:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm east of Flamingo Road along Miramar Parkway in Miramar, Florida. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms with embedded areas of rotation (mini-supercells). Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, hail up to ½ inch, and winds gusting over 70-MPH were observed with the core of this storm’s northern side. A wall cloud was also noted on the NW side of the developing severe thunderstorm cell and the storm was tornado warned (via NWS radar). Tree damage, power outages, and street flooding were also noted with the storm. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, interacting boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. The storm was also reported to NWS Miami via HAM radio (Skywarn net).

25). July 19, 11:30 AM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm along Interstate 595 east of University Drive in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The multi-cell storm contained very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds gusting over 40-MPH. Street flooding was also noted with the storm. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

26). July 21, 4:30 PM - Penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorms from near Miramar southeastwards to Northeastern Miami-Dade county, Florida. The multi-cell storm was a line-segment of strong and severe thunderstorms. The storms contained very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds gusting over 50-MPH. Street flooding was also noted with the storm. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, interacting boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. An outflow boundary developed in the rural areas to the northwest of Miami and Fort Lauderdale and pushed southeast forming the line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Documentation was a camcorder. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

27). Aug 12, 9:00 AM - Observation of the effects of tropical storm Bonnie off Panama City Beach and Apalachicola, Florida near Highway 98 and Interstate 10. The tropical storm was very disorganized with winds of only 45 MPH, while passing this broad and diffuse center along Highway 10 near Tallahassee a pressure of 1002 MB was measured (reported pressure was 1003 MB). Moderate to heavy rains and 25 MPH winds were observed during the indirect intercept of Bonnie. The storm came ashore in the Florida "big bend" area and weakened. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. Total chase trip mileage was 1,057 miles.

28). Aug 12, 2:00 PM - Observation of a pre-tornadic (possibly supercell) thunderstorm northwest of Gainesville, Florida along Interstate 75. This was the start of the tornado-producing thunderstorms that were to pass through Jacksonville later and produce a large tornado. The thunderstorm had very heavy rains and winds to 35-MPH. Documentation of this storm was digital stills. The storms were observed while headed south in a 2004 Ford Focus. The storms were caused by the forward-right quadrant of tropical storm Bonnie and increased wind shear. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM EDT.

29). Aug 12, 8:00 PM - Observation of a small but low-precipitation supercell appearing thunderstorm east of Arcadia, Florida along highway 70. The small strong thunderstorm had a mini-vault and striated / tilted appearance. The storm core was not penetrated. Increasing wind shear and surface heating cause the storm ahead of hurricane Charley. Documentation was digital stills. The storms were observed while headed west in a 2004 Ford Focus. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM EDT.

30). Aug 13, 1:00 PM - Observation of a funnel cloud / possible tornado southeast of Venice, Florida while headed south on highway 41. The parent thunderstorm was a small HP supercell developing in a feeder band in the right-front quadrant of approaching major hurricane Charley. The funnel lasted only a few minutes as it was passed to the west by a 2004 Ford Focus. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 2 PM EDT.

31). Aug 13, ALL-DAY - Direct penetration, interception, and observation of extremely dangerous and powerful category-4 hurricane Charley in Punta Gorda, Florida just off highway 41 and north of Olympia Blvd. For safety, the worst conditions were observed from the most sturdy structure available, the Charlotte county courthouse. This hurricane developed from a tropical wave that originally came off Africa and became a hurricane south of Cuba. The hurricane turned north then north-northeast and intensified to category-4 with sustained 145 MPH winds at time of landfall. The hurricane came ashore NW of Fort Myers near Sanibel Island and its small eye, about 5 miles across, moved over Punta Gorda. Conditions observed were violent, sideways rains with winds gusting well over 150 MPH from the southeast, followed by a decrease to 50-60 MPH and brightness with blue sky in a small "chimney" overhead, only to be replaced with 135-MPH sustained winds from the northwest. The storm was moving NNE at 18 MPH so the conditions were relatively short-lived. Maximum measured winds were 174-MPH gusts at Punta Gorda hospital BEFORE the anemometer failed. Weather equipment of our own measured 943 MB (941 was the official hurricane center's pressure)! Of course, damage was extensive, ranging from trees down, to catastrophic structural failure of buildings. The storm was spend in an enclave breezeway at the Charlotte county courthouse / criminal justice building with Jeff Gammons, Jason Foster (both Weathervine storm chase team members), and Doug Kiesling (BNVN). The main chase vehicles for our group were a 1999 Chevy S-10 Pickup, 2004 Jeep Cherokee, and a 2004 Ford Focus with weather instrumentation mounted on its roof. Documentation was still photos, digital photos, and a camcorder. This was the worst hurricane to slam into southwest Florida in over 50 years, with 35 fatalities and nearly 17 billion dollars in damages. Total mileage was 522 miles.

32). Aug 23, 12:30 PM - Direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm east of Palm Avenue along Miramar Parkway in Miramar, Florida. The storm was a pulse type severe multi-cell storm cluster. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, pea sized, and winds gusting near 65-MPH were observed with the core of this storm. Large trees down, tree damage, power outages, and street flooding were also noted with the storm. One close hit of lightning blew out power and sent a shower of sparks across Miramar parkway. Surface heating, interacting boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. The storm was reported to NWS Miami via HAM radio (Skywarn net).

33). Sept 3-5, ALL - Penetration, observation, and documentation of large strong category-two hurricane Frances in Saint Lucie County, Florida from near Highway 70 and Interstate 95 eastward to the coastal areas and barrier islands. This hurricane began as an African tropical wave and developed over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The storm intensified to a category four hurricane with 145-MPH winds and weakened over the Bahamas to category two (105-MPH) before hitting Fort Pierce and Saint Lucie, Florida with winds between 105 and 110 MPH. This storm was moving very slowly, less than 5-MPH to the WNW at time of landfall, so a long period of winds, rain, and storm surge was observed with this hurricane. The storm caused extensive damage to any coastal structures, such as marinas, docks, and boats. An example of this was Chucks Seafood restaurant, along the Fort Pierce causeway, which was mostly destroyed by the wind and storm surge. A mobile home park also was observed being destroyed. Storm tides ran about 5 to 8 feet above normal. The highest winds were clocked by equipment at over 110-MPH at about 12 AM in Fort Pierce and a pressure of 960 MB was measured inside the calm eye of the storm at 2:20 AM on September 5 near Port Saint Lucie with moonlight peeking through breaks in the clouds. Storm surge flooding actually made water flow UPHILL! Other damage observed was numerous signs and trees down, structural damage to some buildings, severe flooding, and power knocked out over a very wide area. The main chase vehicles for our immediate group were a 1999 Chevy S-10 Pickup, 2004 Jeep Cherokee, and a 2004 Ford Focus with weather instrumentation mounted on its roof. Documentation was still photos, digital photos, and a camcorder. A German documentary group also accompanied us on this chase along with some fellow chasers from the US Great Plains. Damage was over 10 billion dollars and 50 fatalities. Total mileage for this chase was 285 miles.

34). Sept 14-16, ALL - Penetration, observation, and documentation of strong category-Three hurricane Ivan in the Escambia County, Florida area from west of Pensacola through Mobile, Alabama from Interstate 10 through Highway 98 near the coast. This hurricane began as an African tropical wave and developed over the Caribbean sea affecting many places from Venezuela to Jamaica and Cuba before hitting the US. The storm intensified to a rare category five hurricane with 165-MPH winds and weakened over the Gulf Of Mexico slightly to category three to near category four (130-MPH) as it came ashore between Pensacola, Florida and Mobile, Alabama. Destructive winds, violent rain, and extreme storm surge was observed with this hurricane. The storm demolished almost every structure along the immediate coast, especially to the right of the eye. Structures inland suffered major or even catastrophic damage, especially in Pensacola. Storm tides ran about 10 to 15 feet above normal, and caused major damage to the Interstate 10 causeway crossing Escambia Bay. The highest winds were observed by myself at the Thomas Hospital in Fairhope, Alabama that exceeded 130-MPH with the eyewall passage, followed by a 1-hour calm period of the eye, then winds from the opposite at over 100-MPH. A pressure of 943 MB was measured inside the calm eye of the storm at 2:45 AM on September 16 in Fairhope with seagulls and brief glimpses of starlight visible in the eye! Other damage observed was numerous signs and trees down, major structural damage to many buildings, severe inland and coastal flooding, and power knocked out over a very wide area. Total damages from this storm was over 26 billion dollars with 124 fatalities. The main chase vehicles for our immediate group were a 2004 Jeep Cherokee, and a 2004 Ford Focus with weather instrumentation mounted on its roof. Documentation was still photos, digital photos, and a camcorder. Total mileage was 1,766 miles.

35). Sept 25-26, ALL - Penetration, observation, and documentation of category-Three hurricane Jeanne in Fort Pierce, Florida east of Highway US 1 to the barrier islands.. This hurricane began as an African tropical wave and developed over the Caribbean sea after causing numerous deaths in Haiti. The storm then meandered east of the Bahamas before intensifying and making landfall in East-Central Florida. Destructive winds, violent rain, and extreme storm surge was observed with this hurricane. The storm caused extensive structural damage in Fort pierce, especially near the coast. Storm tides ran at least 10 feet above normal, unfortunately affecting the same area as Frances did three weeks prior. The highest winds were observed in a Fort Pierce parking garage exceeding 120-MPH with the eyewall passage, followed by a 1-hour period of 25 MPH winds in the northern eye, then winds from the opposite at over 110-MPH. A pressure of 954 MB was measured inside the eye of the storm at 12:45 AM on September 26 in Fort Pierce with brief glimpses of moonlight visible in the eye! Other damage observed was numerous signs and trees down, major structural damage to many buildings, severe inland and coastal flooding, and power knocked out over a very wide area. Total damages from this storm was nearly 8 billion dollars with an alarming 3,037 fatalities (mainly in the Caribbean). The main chase vehicles for our immediate group were a 2004 Chevy Blazer, 1999 Chevy S-10 Pickup, 1999 Toyota Camry, and a 2004 Ford Focus with weather instrumentation mounted on its roof. Documentation was still photos, digital photos, and a camcorder. Total mileage was about 285 miles.

36). Oct 20, 5:30 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm east of University Drive near Sunrise, Florida. The storm was a small HP supercell type thunderstorm that developed along the east-coast sea breeze boundary as well as other outflow boundaries. The storm began over extreme southern Palm Beach County and developed southward basically along the Florida Turnpike through Broward County as far as Miami-Dade County. The most intense episode of this storm occurred in eastern Broward County, where strong winds and hail was reported. This storm was intercepted from its southwestern fringes, with an awesome view of its gust front (shelf cloud), updraft base with wall cloud(s) and brief funnels, even inflow banding into the storm at mid-levels from the south. Winds to near 50-MPH with heavy rains and frequent lightning with some close hits was also observed. Rotation was noted with the wall cloud. No tornado touchdown was confirmed as the storm was NWS Doppler-radar indicated to be tornadic. This storm did have large hail, but chasing the hail core would have been difficult due to rush-hour traffic. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, interacting boundaries, and sea breeze activity caused the storm. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

Summary - This concludes the 2004 chase season. The summary includes a total of 36 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 25 severe thunderstorms were involved, 5 strong thunderstorms, at least 7 tornadoes / funnel clouds, and most impressively, one tropical storm and 4 hurricanes (2 of which were major, and one just under category 5 thresholds)! A 2001 Ford Escape SUV was used in 6 observations and a 2004 Ford Focus Station Wagon in the 14 observations (including all tropical systems). In the Central USA, chase vehicles involved were a 2004 Chrysler Town And Country rental and a 2004 Toyota 4-Runner in 15 chases.

2). Mar 22, 7:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Saint Augustine, Florida near Interstate 95 in Flagler County. The storm was an HP supercell thunderstorm that developed along the coast and moved offshore. Frequent lightning, 30 MPH winds, and very heavy rain was observed with this storm. The storm core was not penetrated, which had 60-MPH winds and hail to golf ball-sized. Slight banding and an inflow tail was also noted with this storm. The storm was caused by a low-pressure trough and strong upper-level dynamics. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM EST.

3). Apr 7, 6:30 PM - Penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm along Interstate 75 south of Belleview, in Sumpter County Florida. The storm was part of a line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Heavy rains, lightning, and winds gusting over 50-MPH winds were observed with this storm. The storm was caused by a pre-frontal trough and strong upper-level dynamics. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 7 PM EST.

4). May 3, 5:30 PM - Direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Lake Wales (Polk County), Florida south of Highway 60 along Highway 27. The storm was a left-split HP supercell thunderstorm which actually had some anticyclonic rotation with it. A large wall cloud with small funnels was noted on its northwestern side southwest of Lake Wales. Upon penetrating the core of the storm, frequent lightning with close hits, extremely torrential rains, hail up to 1 ¼ inches (slightly larger than a quarter), and winds gusting to at least 65-MPH briefly. The large hail was mixed with a copious amount of ¾ inch marble-sized hail stones that actually left a small accumulation before melting. Damage caused by the storm was some signs and trees down, power out in some areas, and street flooding. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital still photos. Cold air and strong winds aloft, a stalled frontal boundary, initiated by surface heating and sea-breeze activity caused the storms.

5). May 3, 7:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm about 15 miles west of Highway 27 along Highway 64 near Sebring (near Highlands county), Florida. The storm was a former severe thunderstorm and exhibited some HP supercell characteristics. Frequent lightning with many close hits, 35-MPH winds, small hail, and very heavy rains were encountered with this storm. Cold air and strong winds aloft, a stalled frontal boundary, initiated by surface heating and sea-breeze activity caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

6). May 13, 3:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm west of Highway 6 between Crowell and Quanah in Texas. The storm was encountered just after initiation and rapidly intensified into a supercell thunderstorm. The storm split, and the southern cell (right moving storm) was targeted. This storm was to go through several cycles and produce small tornadoes during this period, eventually evolving from a classic supercell, to an HP storm, with the "stacked-plates" effect, then occlude and evolve to a multicell cluster. The storm contained 3" hail, which was not observed. The storm also produced torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and inflow winds to-50 MPH. A violently rotating wall cloud was observed with the supercell during its classic stage near Crowell, and a possible tornado was observed with it. Another dusty weak tornado was observed east of Knox City while taking refuge under a car port with the permission of a friendly local. In this area, hail to 1" was also observed with part of this storm along with frequent lightning, 60-MPH winds, and heavy rains. The storms became multicellular and weakened by about 8:00 PM. The storms were caused by a strong upper-level disturbance, dryline bulge, weak surface low, and pre-existing boundary. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation were digital stills and camcorder. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 9PM CDT.

7). May 13, 9:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm in Haskell, Texas near Highway 287 along Highway 380. This storm was part of a multicellular cluster of strong a severe thunderstorms developing behind previous activity closer to the dryline boundary to the west. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, hail at least 1", and winds to 35-MPH were observed at a gas station with this storm. The storms were caused by a strong upper-level disturbance, dryline bulge, weak surface low, and outflow boundary. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder.

8). May 15, 5:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm west of Roswell, New Mexico and just northwest of Highway 380. The storm began from upslope convection and was about 10-15 miles west of Roswell. The storm began as multicell thunderstorms, rather high-based, then one cell acquired supercell characteristics in the cluster. The storm produced hail, but this was not intercepted. A weakly rotating wall cloud and beaver's tail appeared on the storm during its highpoint. The storm also produced frequent lightning. The storms were caused by upslope wind flow, a low-pressure trough, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos.

9). May 17, 6:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm and tornado south of Cozad, Nebraska from just south of Interstate 80 in Lincoln County eastward and southeastward into Minden, Nebraska. The storm involved was the "Tail End Charley" storm on the south end of a line segment / cluster of severe thunderstorms. The supercell storm on the southernmost end of this line was semi-linear but contained rotation and was able to produce a weak dusty tornado on its updraft side 5 miles or so south of Cozad. The storm continued to back-build and adopted inflow winds gusting over 50-MPH at one point with the "stacked-plates" effect visually. The storm core had hail to 3 inches and 70 MPH winds (not intercepted). The storm developed ahead of a cold front and dryline "punch" interaction, and was triggered by surface heating and an upper-level disturbance / jet stream aloft. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

10). May 18, 8:00 PM - Interception of an extremely severe thunderstorm southeast of Topeka, Kansas near Highway 75. The storm was an HP supercell producing golf ball hail (or larger) and funnel clouds. A large wall cloud was observed with this storm, with tiered shelf cloud structure. The hail was not intercepted. The storm produced heavy rains and frequent lightning. The storm evolved to a multicell cluster with bow-echo and was followed to Burlington, Kansas. The storms developed ahead of a cold front and outflow boundary coupled with surface heating and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch box was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

11). May 20, 8:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm developing near the Missouri River in south central South Dakota about 45 miles south of Interstate 90. The storm was a small LP type supercell that evolved to a high based / low topped elevated storm and subsequently dissipated. The storm was observed mature from about 75 miles away. The storm developed from surface heating and an upper-level disturbance ahead of a low pressure system. Documentation was still digital photos. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm.

12). May 22, 7:30 PM - Interception of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Bushnell, Nebraska. The storm was high-based and elevated but produced pea to dime sized hail as we penetrated its small precipitation core during the weakening stages of the storm. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of elevated strong and severe thunderstorms. The storms were caused by surface heating, upslope winds, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder.

13). May 23, 6:00 PM - Observation and interception of a severe thunderstorm southwest of Limon, Colorado and followed eastward to near Kit Carson, Colorado. The storm began as a rotating LP supercell with a high base. The storm tried to intensify, but weakened near Kit Carson. Marble sized hail, 60-MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were observed with this storm. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, upslope wind flow, and an upper level disturbance. Documentation was still digital photos, audio, and a camcorder. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 2 AM CDT.

14). May 23, 9:00 PM - Indirect penetration of another severe thunderstorm in Goodwell, Kansas. This storm was part of a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. Moderate rain, frequent lightning, and winds gusting to 60-MPH were observed with this storm. Some signs were blown down in Goodwell from the wind gusts. Documentation of this storm was a camcorder and still digital photos. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storms. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, outflow boundaries, and an upper level disturbance. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 2 AM CDT.

15). May 24, 4:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm northwest of Last Chance, Colorado. The storm was a small LP supercell storm (cyclonic), and eventually merged with another left-split LP storm (anticyclonic). When the two storms merged, the RFD "slot" became enhanced and a horseshoe updraft base became relevant. The storm weakened after that. Frequent lightning, 30-MPH winds, light rain, and pea-sized hail was observed with the storm. The main core was not penetrated. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, upslope winds, surface heating, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT.

16). May 24, 6:00 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Akron, Colorado off Highway 34 and Highway 63. Winds gusting to 50-MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and small hail was observed with this storm. The storm also spawned some small funnel clouds on its updraft side southeast of Akron. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, outflow boundaries, surface heating, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT.

17). May 24, 7:00 PM - Penetration and observation of another severe thunderstorm southeast of Joes, Colorado near Kirk. The storm was an HP supercell storm with a very large wall cloud. The wall cloud was observed rotating before becoming rain wrapped. Attempting to flank the storm to the north, part of its core was penetrated, and 60-MPH winds, torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and hail to 3/4" was encountered. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, outflow boundaries, surface heating, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder, audio, and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10PM CDT.

18). May 24, 9:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Towner, Colorado west of Tribune, Kansas, then south through Syracuse, Kansas where its core was encountered. The storm began as an HP supercell, producing continuous lightning and funnel clouds. Near this storm, torrential rains, frequent lightning, and 3/4" hail was observed in the forward-flank region (well northeast of the core). The storm evolved to a bow segment and blasted through Syracuse, Kansas, where winds gusting over 80-MPH were encountered, with frequent lightning, violent rain, and hail up to 1/2" inch. The storm cause flooding and some trees down. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, upslope winds, surface heating, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was a camcorder, audio, and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 5AM MDT.

19). May 25, 4:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm developing southwest of Springer, New Mexico west of Interstate 25. The storm was an LP supercell storm. Its core was not penetrated. Frequent lightning and a wall cloud was observed with this storm. The storm was caused by upslope wind flow, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos, and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 9PM MDT.

20). May 25, 6:00 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm northeast of Springer, New Mexico west of Interstate 25. This storm was an extremely rapidly developing storm with rock-hard explosive thunderstorm development. The core of this storm was not penetrated, but its inflow side was viewed for the life of the storm. Several rotating wall clouds were observed with this classic supercell. After the cold front undercut its updraft, the storm slowly evolved to an LP storm, became elevated, and weakened. Winds over 50-MPH were observed near the edge of this storm. The storm was caused by a cold front, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos, and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 9PM MDT.

21). May 25, 9:00 PM - Interception and direct penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm southeast of Tucumcari, New Mexico and south of Interstate 40. This storm also explosively developed and quickly became a classic supercell, then evolved to HP when undercut by the cold front it developed along. In the HP stage, the hail core was sampled (penetrated) where hail over 2 inches was observed (near baseball hail). Torrential rains, frequent lightning, and winds over 60-MPH were also encountered with this storm. The storm also produced a few rotating wall clouds and small funnels before being undercut. After penetrating the storm core, the storm moved south and southeast to near Logan, New Mexico, where the storm evolved to LP. Marble to quarter sized hail was observed again at a gas station in this area before the storm weakened. The storm was caused by a cold front, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm (Weathervine team) as well as a 2002 Ford Taurus (Scott Blair) for the hail observations. The hail size was reported to the National Weather Service office. Documentation was still digital photos, audio, and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 9PM MDT.

22). May 27, 5:00 PM - Interception and direct penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm from near Las Vegas, New Mexico to near Interstate 40 and Highway 3. The storm initiated in the mountains near Las Vegas and quickly became supercellular near Interstate 25. The storm began as LP, then evolved to classic, producing many wall clouds and funnels during its lifetime. The storm acquired the "stacked plates" structure and pea to dime sized hail fell from its anvil. The storm came very close to producing a tornado near Interstate 40 during its HP evolution. Inflow winds over 50-MPH were found in this area. The core of this storm was also penetrated, where golf ball sized hail (or larger) fell thick and covered the ground up to several inches deep (completely white like snow)! The core also had frequent lightning and winds to near 70-MPH. The storm subsequently evolved to a bow-segment then became outflow-dominant and weakened. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, an upper-level disturbance, upslope wind flow, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm (Weathervine team) as well as a 2002 Ford Taurus (Scott Blair) for the hail observations. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 8PM MDT.

23). May 28, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm southeast of Burlington, Colorado. The storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm and had a well-developed RFD and rotating updraft. Several wall-clouds and funnels were noted with this storm before it weakened. Inflow winds were southeast at about 40-MPH into this storm. Copious amounts of pea to dime sized hail, winds near 60-MPH, heavy rains, and frequent lightning was observed with this storm. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, an upper-level disturbance, upslope wind flow, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 9PM MDT.

24). May 28, 9:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm southeast of Springfield, Colorado and followed into the central Oklahoma panhandle after dark. This was a supercell storm that began as the southernmost cell on a line of thunderstorms. The storm back-built and separated from the line and became organized (the "Tail End Charley" storm). This supercell began as a classic supercell and evolved to HP before becoming outflow dominant after several hours. Marble sized hail to about 1" was observed on the rear-flank of this storm. The hail covered the ground and roadway in some places. Torrential rains and frequent lightning was also observed with this visually striking storm, which even took on the "stacked plates" appearance for some time after dark. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, an upper-level disturbance, outflow boundaries, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos, audio, and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 9PM MDT.

25). May 29, 4:00 PM - Interception of a severe thunderstorm along Highway 56 east of Abbott, New Mexico. The storm was a supercell storm that quickly became outflow dominant and evolved into a line segment producing 50-60 MPH outflow winds. The storm also produced pea to dime sized hail, frequent lightning, and very heavy rains. A large wall cloud and some funnels were produced by the storm before the storm updraft region became undercut by the outflow. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, an upper-level disturbance, upslope wind flow, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 8PM MDT.

26). May 29, 7:00 PM - Observation of another supercell storm north and east of Trinidad, Colorado east of Interstate 25 along Highway 160. The storm weakened when it was reached, but a large hail swath was encountered behind this storm along Highway 160. Marble sized hail covered the ground in areas and flash flooding was also observed. The core of this storm was not penetrated. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, an upper-level disturbance, upslope wind flow, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect until 8PM MDT.!

27). May 30, 4:00 PM - Observation of three severe thunderstorms, each short-lived classic and / or LP supercells, near Highway 160 east of Trinidad, Colorado. Each of these storms developed in the high terrain and moved to the east and northeast. Frequent lightning, hail up to dime sized, 40-MPH winds, and moderate to heavy rains were observed with each of these storms. Their cores were not directly penetrated. The second of these storms produced a large and rotating wall cloud. The storms were caused by a low-pressure system, upper-level dynamics, up-slope wind flow, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase them. Documentation was a camcorder, still digital photos, and audio. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT.

28). May 30, 7:00 PM - Observation of another severe thunderstorms, a classic / LP supercell, 3 miles south of Highway 160 north of Branson, Colorado. This storm produced a dramatic vault and large wall cloud, and a persistent funnel was noted under the wall cloud for about 5 minutes. The funnel did not touch down. Frequent lightning, hail up to dime sized, 30-MPH winds, and moderate rains were observed with this storm before it moved northeast and weakened. The small core of this storm was not directly penetrated. The storm was caused by a low-pressure system, upper-level dynamics, up-slope wind flow, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase them. Documentation was a camcorder and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT.

29). May 30, 9:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a tornadic supercell southwest of Pritchett, Colorado along Highway 160. This was a classic supercell with an incredible vault structure and produced a brief tornado north of the highway. Frequent lightning, hail larger than golf balls, 60 to 70 MPH winds, and heavy rains were observed with this storm. A violently rotating area was notes within the wall cloud and main mesocyclone with "tagging" rain curtains just south of the vault region. This area produced a brief tornado before becoming wrapped with precipitation. No damage was noted as the storm occurred over a sparsely populated area. The tornado was reported to the National Weather Service as well as the Storm Prediction Center. The storm moved due east from near Kim, Colorado and weakened just west of Springfield. The storm was caused by a low-pressure system, upper-level dynamics, warm / stationary frontal boundary, outflow boundaries, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase them. Documentation was a camcorder and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT.

30). May 31, 6:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm northwest of Plainview, Texas. This storm was an HP supercell with a spectacular "stacked-plate" mesocyclone and vault appearance. This storm also was tornadic, but no tornadoes were observed. The storm produced several funnel clouds. Frequent lightning was also observed with this storm. The storm was caused by a low-pressure system, upper-level dynamics, stationary frontal boundary, advancing dryline, and surface heating. A 2005 Dodge Caravan was used to chase them. Documentation was a camcorder and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT.

31). May 31, 8:00 PM - Direct penetration extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm northwest of Lubbock, Texas. This storm was originally an LP supercell that was enhanced by an outflow boundary from storms farther north. The storm had a vigorously rotating wall cloud. The storm evolved from LP to a classic supercell, and became HP during occluding cycles. This storm also produced a weak tornado very close to the chase team, then the storm occluded, causing the storm core to be penetrated. The storm contained winds over 70-MPH, torrential rains, frequent lighting, and vigorous golf ball-sized hail with isolated baseball sized hail. The chase vehicle, a 2005 Dodge Caravan, was damaged along with the Weatherlab weather station mounted on its roof. The storm was caused by a low-pressure system, upper-level dynamics, an outflow boundary, advancing dryline, and surface heating. Documentation was a camcorder, audio, and still digital photos. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM MDT. The hail and tornado interception was also reported to the National Weather Service.

32). June 7, 6:00 PM - Indirect penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Sheppard Road and Highway 37 in Lakeland, (Polk county), Florida. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Frequent lightning with close hits, 45-MPH winds, and very heavy rains were encountered with this storm. A weak low-pressure trough, surface heating and sea-breeze activity caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

33). June 10, 1:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Wheeler, Texas along Highway 83. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Frequent lightning, very heavy rains, dime-sized hail (1/2"), and 60-MPH winds were encountered with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and outflow boundaries. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 6 PM CDT.

34). June 10, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Amarillo, Texas near Highway 87. The storm was also part a multicell cluster / line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Frequent lightning, very heavy rains, hail up to nickel-sized (3/4"), and 55-MPH winds were encountered with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and outflow boundaries. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 6 PM CDT.

35). June 10, 6:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm west of Amarillo, Texas just south of Interstate 40. The storm was a small supercell storm that developed a rotating wall cloud before weakening as outflow from storms to its northeast undercut it. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, funnel clouds, and 40-MPH winds were encountered with this storm, although its core was not penetrated. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, dryline, and outflow boundaries. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 6 PM CDT.

36). June 11, 5:00 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm west of Amarillo, Texas just north of Interstate 40. The storm was a classic supercell storm that developed many wall clouds, some with violent rotation and funnels, and occluded several times before weakening as storms developed to its south. Inflow winds up to 40-MPH and frequent lightning were encountered with this storm before it became linear and outflow dominant. Its core was not penetrated. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and dryline / boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

37). June 11, 7:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm west of Vega, Texas near Interstate 40. The storm was an HP supercell that was tornado-warned but weakened when we got to it. The storm produced winds up to about 45-MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and dime to nickel-sized hail. The storm also became outflow dominant with a dramatic shelf-cloud associated with its gust front on the southeast side of the storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and dryline / boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

38). June 11, 9:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm east of Happy, Texas east of Interstate 27. The storm was another supercell storm but did not really do much, neither were we able to get to it as farm-road 1881 was closed due to an overturned sheriff vehicle and flash flooding problems. The storm was not penetrated or reached, but a low wall cloud was observed with it. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and outflow boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

39). June 11, 10:00 PM - Observation and encounter with another severe thunderstorm in Canyon, Texas. This severe thunderstorm was part of a multicell cluster or severe thunderstorms. Heavy rains, vivid and frequent lightning, 50-MPH winds, and nickel-sized (3/4") hail was observed as the storm passed over the motel in Canyon. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and outflow boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 5 AM CDT.

40). June 12, 4:00 PM - Observation of a small severe thunderstorm southeast of Hereford, Texas. This storm was a small supercell storm that developed ahead of the dryline near a boundary. The storm produced a wall cloud and funnel, but weakened as it came off the boundary. This storm later did intensify briefly and produce a small tornado / funnel (not observed) until a new supercell storm developed south of it. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and dryline / boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

41). June 12, 6:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe, dangerous, and tornadic thunderstorm near Spur, Texas. This storm was a cyclic supercell (mostly classic by nature) that became a prolific tornado producer. The storm quickly exploded near Crosbyton, Texas and moved eastwards with a large rotating wall cloud. The storm produced two tornadoes during its first cycle, one a large "stove-pipe" / "elephant trunk" tornado. The storm cycled again farther southeast and produced both a large "cone" tornado and when a "wedge". The storm then cycled again and produced a multiple-vortex tornado (or tornadoes) close to Spur, Texas, with airborne debris visible. The storm occluded and cycled again while maintaining a long-lived "stove-pipe" that slowly evolved to an "elephant trunk" tornado visible through the RFD precipitation AFTER the mesocyclone occluded. The storm also produced 70 to 80-MPH+ RFD winds, inflow winds to 60-MPH, golf ball sized hail (we did NOT penetrate the core of this storm), heavy rains, and frequent lightning with many close hits in the same place less than a second apart! A loud hail roar was also noted with this storm as well as a "train sound" from the tornadoes. At one point, this storm appeared as an "upside-down wedding cake" visually. The storm weakened after its inflow was cut off by another supercell south of it. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and dryline / boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

42). June 12, 8:00 PM - Observation of another very severe thunderstorm southwest of Aspermont, Texas. This storm was a supercell storm which produced a rapidly rotating wall cloud and funnels. The storm was south of the better jet-stream dynamics / shear in place for the former tornadic storm near Spur and Crosbyton. The core of this storm was not penetrated, but isolated quarter to golf ball sized hail was falling out of the storm anvil ahead of the inflow notch. Frequent lightning with close hits, and 40-MPH inflow winds were also encountered with this storm. Visually, the storm had a "stacked-plates" appearance. The storm was caused by surface heating, an upper-level disturbance, surface low-pressure, and dryline / boundary interactions. A 2005 Chevy Corsica was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder and digital still photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

43). July 10, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of a major category-three hurricane in the Pensacola area of the Florida Panhandle. Hurricane Dennis, an early but intense hurricane of the 2005 hurricane season in the Atlantic, struck the Pensacola area after a long track across the Caribbean and devastating Cuba. Hurricane Dennis reached a peak intensity with at least 150-MPH winds and a central pressure of 930 mb … VERY unusual for early July! The storm was observed from a downtown parking garage in Pensacola, Florida near the UBS financial building and just west of the beach causeway (highway 98). The storm contracted and weakened to 115 (or possibly as high as 120) MPH at landfall near Pensacola Beach on Santa Rosa Island (including Navarre and Pensacola Beach). The inner edge of the western eyewall was experienced at our location and wind gusts to 115-MPH, or more were observed for a short time with lowest pressure measured at 965 mb (storm was 950 mb at landfall). Rainfall was "whiteout" conditions (sideways, violent rain) in the eyewall. We did NOT go through the eye of the storm, as small as it was (eye was extremely small at landfall). A 5-8 foot storm surge in the bay was also noted and caused heavy flooding in the downtown area. There was also a lot of tree and sign damage, many power lines down, some roofs torn off structures, and some vehicles moved or flipped over. The hurricane was chased by myself along with Jeff Gammons and Jim Edds (with his own vehicle). The main chase vehicle was a 2004 Ford Focus with a portable weather station mounted on its roof. Documentation was two camcorders (one for HD video, the other mounted on the side of a building shooting DV video), digital still photos, data (barograph plot), and audio. A hurricane warning, flash-flood warning, and tornado watch were also in effect for the area involved in this hurricane. Dennis caused 88 fatalities and almost 4 billion dollars in damage.

44). July 12, 6:00 PM - Penetration and observation of a strong thunderstorm near Highway 37 and Interstate 4 in Lakeland, (Polk county), Florida. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms. Frequent lightning with numerous close hits, 50-MPH winds, and torrential rains were encountered with this storm. The storm caused flooding and power outages. Surface heating and sea-breeze activity caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos.

45). Aug 25, EVENING - Interception, observation, and penetration of category-one hurricane in Broward and Miami-Dade counties in South Florida. The storm started as a tropical depression that developed from a tropical wave east of the Bahamas. The depression strengthened into tropical storm "Katrina" which very slowly moved towards the east coast of south Florida. The storm slowly turned left as it turned into a hurricane with 80-MPH sustained winds. The storm made landfall on the Miami-Dade and Broward county border south of Port Everglades, and continued southwest across the state into the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricane Katrina was first observed on its right quadrant in Deerfield Beach where high surf, blowing sand, tree damage, and winds gusting over 70-MPH were encountered. While traveling south along A1A, winds increased to gusts over 80-MPH in violent sideways rains in Pompano Beach. The chase track then passed through Fort Lauderdale, west on I-595, then south on I-75 where the eye was entered. In Miami-Dade county, the eye provided 20 minutes of near-calm winds and a pressure of 984-mb measured. The second half of hurricane Katrina was encountered near I-95 in NE Miami-Dade county, and winds gusting near 75-MPH with horizontal rains and tree damage returned. Frequent lightning was also observed in the eyewall of this hurricane. The chase vehicle was a 2004 Ford Focus with a portable weather station mounted on its roof. Documentation was an HD camcorder, digital still photos, data (barograph plot), and audio. A hurricane warning, flash-flood warning, and tornado watch were also in effect for the area involved in this hurricane. The following day, 8-26, myself and chaser Jim Edds were VIP passengers aboard the NOAA Gulfstream IV research jet for a Hurricane Hunters flight!

46). Aug 29, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of an extremely catastrophic category-four (or even five) hurricane between Biloxi and Gulfport, Mississippi along Highway 90 in Harrison County. Hurricane Katrina gained strength in the Gulf of Mexico and became one of the most intense hurricanes ever at 175-MPH sustained winds with a central pressure of 902-mb on 8-28. On August 29, the storm made landfall just west of Gulfport, Mississippi at about 9 AM local time. Our location was on the right side of the eye under the most intense portion of the eastern eyewall. Winds at our location were sustained at least 130-MPH with gusts to 150-MPH, or higher. The storm surge was even more devastating and was 30 feet in height, or more, near and around Gulfport and Biloxi. This was the highest storm surge ever recorded in the United States! Our place of observation was the Mississippi Coast Coliseum, offering at least 2 stories and reinforced concrete for protection. The eyewall winds were extremely loud and accompanied by driving, violent, sideways rain. The winds made a roar and whistling sound similar to a jet aircraft. Extensive damage occurred on the first floor due to the storm surge. The wind damage was also severe to other structures in the area. Unfortunately, many people were killed in an apartment complex close to the coliseum. About 50 local refugees sought shelter at the coliseum and survived, while their friends and relatives did not. Any vehicles on the level of the first floor were lost due to flooding. Boats and casino barges were also ran inland by the surge. Parts of Highway 90 and neighboring coastal communities simply DISAPPEARED during hurricane Katrina. I was forced to move the chase vehicle, a 2004 Ford Focus Station Wagon, up a flight of stairs during the highpoint of the winds and highest storm surge. The edge of the large eye passed to the west, and a lowest pressure of 950-mb was measured at that time (at landfall, the center of the storm was 915-mb). After the winds subsided the surge quickly receded and we made the task of a long and arduous retreat to Interstate 10 to leave the area to the east. Documentation was an HD camcorder, digital still photos, data (barograph plot), and audio. A hurricane warning, flash-flood warning, and tornado watch were also in effect for the area involved in this hurricane. The storm caused EXTREME damage and flooding in New Orleans, about 60 miles to the west of our location as levees breached from the storm surge. Thousands of people were killed and damages were at least 200 BILLION dollars! This hurricane chase was also accompanied by Jim Edds and Jeff Gammons. This left a sad feeling for a while on all chasers in our group. Hurricane Katrina, as of 2005, was the worst natural disaster in the western hemisphere in recorded history. 1,392 people were killed in this storm and damage was an un-imaginable 125 billion dollars. May God bless and be with them all.

47). Sept 20, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of category-two hurricane in the lower Florida keys, particularly Key West. The storm started as a tropical depression that quickly developed from a tropical wave in the Central Bahamas. The depression strengthened into tropical storm "Rita" which then moved towards the Florida Straits. Rita remained a tropical storm for some time then organized enough to become a hurricane on the morning of 9-20. The storm threatened all of extreme south Florida but finally passed just barely south of Key West as it began a rapid intensification phase. During its brush with Key West, the central pressure was 975-mb with 100-MPH sustained winds. The northern eyewall passed over Key West, and we set up near the windward facing south and east sides of the island. Maximum observed winds were gusting near 80-MPH with a lowest pressure of 994-mb. Rain at times was horizontal and extremely heavy, and storm surge came over the seawall and roadway at 4 to 7 feet above normal. Rita was to continue into the Gulf of Mexico and become a 175-MPH category-five storm at a record-breaking 897-mb two days later! After that, the storm weakened to 120-MPH and struck Texas on 9-24. Damage observed in Key West were downed trees and signs, and severe flooding from the storm surge. The chase vehicle was a 2004 Ford Focus with a portable weather station mounted on its roof. Documentation was an HD camcorder, digital still photos, and audio. A hurricane warning, flash-flood warning, and tornado watch were also in effect for the area involved in this hurricane. Damage from this storm was almost 19 billion dollars, with 120 fatalities.

48). Oct 24, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of category-three hurricane across south Florida from near Everglades City, Southeast of Naples across the Everglades, into Broward and Palm Beach counties where the storm weakened to a category-two hurricane. The storm began in the western Caribbean sea as tropical storm "Wilma" which intensified explosively to the strongest category-five hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin, with a pressure of 882 MB and winds sustained at least 175-MPH! The storm then struck the Yucatan of Mexico at category-four during its recurverature to the north, then northeast. Once exiting Mexico, Wilma continued northeast and re-intensified from a category-two storm to category-three with 125-MPH sustained winds and a pressure of 950 MB as it made landfall on the 24th near Cape Romano, FL and crossed the state into the late morning that same day. Wilma weakened only slightly crossing Florida but re-intensified again as it re-emerged into the Atlantic off Palm Beach. It continued into the north Atlantic before becoming extratropical. The intercept of hurricane Wilma began near the Port of the Islands resort in SW Collier County near Everglades City. Here the fir4st eyewall of the storm was encountered with winds gusting to 120-MPH. Many trees were downed and damage to some structures as well as the roof of the resort was observed. The eye of hurricane Wilma was observed near sunrise with light and variable winds and blue sky overhead. The eye was followed into the everglades neat highway 29 north of Tamiami trail until road options became a problem. The "stadium effect", commonly observed by hurricane hunter aircraft, was observed during sunrise inside hurricane Wilma's 65 mile wide eye! Pressure was measured at 950 to 952 MB in the eye. A downed power line did damage to the mobile weather station. The second eyewall was encountered on poor roads in central Collier county, and progress was made in 100-MPH+ winds to Highway 29, then Interstate 595 to head east. West winds gusting near 120-MPH were observed with extremely heavy rains. The chase continued east into western Broward County and north (with 110-MPH eyewall winds nearly overturning the vehicle) into Palm Beach County. Many highways, including Florida's Turnpike, were impassible with downed trees, roof damage, power lines, power poles, and signs. The chase ended in Boynton Beach, FL on the SW edge of the storm eye where the 110-MPH winds of the second eyewall once again caught up and blew a board into the chase vehicle breaking the passenger side mirror off. A lot of damage observed in Palm Beach and Broward Counties such as many downed trees, power poles, signs, power lines, even some roofs torn off buildings and homes. Some overturned vehicles and trailers were also observed. Severe street flooding was noted in some areas. Many trees that were not destroyed suffered severe defoliation. Of course, power was out in some areas until the middle of the next month. Over 22 billion dollars in damage and 52 deaths were caused by hurricane Wilma. The chase vehicle was a 2004 Ford Focus with a portable weather station mounted on its roof. Documentation was an HD camcorder, digital still photos, and audio. A hurricane warning, flash-flood warning, and tornado watch were also in effect for the area involved in this hurricane.

Summary - This concludes the 2005 chase season. The summary includes a total of 48 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 40 severe thunderstorms were involved, 3 strong thunderstorms, at least 12 tornadoes (or large funnel clouds), and 4 hurricanes (3 of which were major). A 2004 Ford Focus Station Wagon was used in 12 observations (including those for tropical cyclones). The rental vehicles conducting the 36 chases in the central USA were a 2005 Dodge Caravan and 2005 Chevy Corsica.

2). Feb 4, 3:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms in Broward County, Florida near Interstate 75 and Pines Boulevard in Pembroke Pines. The storm was a portion of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms associated with a prefrontal trough. One stronger storm cell in this line contained weak rotation, with an RFD clear slot, wall cloud, and small funnel clouds. Most storms were outflow dominant, with 40-MPH winds observed and heavy rains. The storms were caused by a cold front, surface heating, pre-frontal low pressure trough, and an upper-air disturbance. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos.

3). April 8, 6:30 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near the Florida / Georgia border near Highway 47 / 441 southwest of Fargo, Georgia and near Columbia County, Florida. The storm was in a portion of a multicell line of severe thunderstorms and had HP supercell characteristics. A strongly rotating front flank mesocyclone was observed with this storm, with rapidly rotating low clouds and small funnels. This was possibly a weak tornado, but touchdown was not confirmed. Rear-flank winds near 60 MPH and very heavy rains, lightning, and small hail was also observed with this storm. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and strong wind shear (jet stream) associated with an upper-air disturbance / upper trough. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was an HD camcorder and still photos. A tornado watch was also valid for part of the affected area until 9 PM EDT.

4). April 8, 7:30 PM - Interception and penetration of another severe thunderstorm in Columbia County, Florida near Highway 441. The storm was in a portion of a multicell line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Torrential rains, small hail, frequent lightning, and winds near 60 MPH were encountered with this storm. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and strong wind shear (jet stream) associated with an upper-air disturbance / upper trough. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was an HD camcorder. A tornado watch was also valid for part of the affected area until 9 PM EDT.

5). May 15, 4:30 PM - Observation, interception, and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Fort Lauderdale Airport along Highway US 1 and near Interstates 595 and 95 in eastern Broward County, Florida. The storm was an HP supercell thunderstorm with a broad, but well-developed mesocyclone. An RFD clear slot was also noted as the storm crossed over Fort Lauderdale Airport. Tagging rain curtains was observed with this storm (but no tornado developed). The storm caused hail up to 1" in diameter, 65-MPH winds, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. An area of small hail covering the side of the roadway was noted near Interstate 95. The storm knocked out power in some areas, and caused some street flooding and tree damage. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, and sea-breeze / outflow boundary interactions. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital still photos.

6). May 18,4:00 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Interstate 70 just west of Brazil, Indiana. The storms were high-based but produced very heavy rains, small hail, 40-MPH winds, and occasional lightning. The storms developed in a region of strong northwest flow aloft on the backside of a departing upper-level low pressure system. Surface heating and an upper level trough triggered the storms. Documentation was HD video (time lapse) and still images. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

7). May 21,4:30 PM - Interception of a very severe thunderstorm on the east side of Springfield, Missouri near Interstate 44 and Highway 65. The storm was a classic to LP type supercell storm, which lasted about an hour but dissipated rapidly after moving south of a boundary it developed on. The storm produced heavy rains, 40-MPH winds, and hail to 3/4". Strong rotation was noted with the storm, with some small funnels, an RFD notch, and beautiful "stacked plate" effect on the storm updraft. A low pressure trough, surface boundary interactions / fronts, surface heating, and mesoscale low-pressure area caused the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm.

8). May 21,4:30 PM - Penetration and observation of a strong thunderstorm near Plad, Missouri along highway 64. The storm was the western most part of a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms. The storm produced heavy rains, 30-MPH winds, and hail to 1/2". A low pressure trough, surface boundary interactions / fronts, surface heating, and mesoscale low-pressure area caused the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm.

9). May 22,6:30 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm in far northeastern Colorado near the tri-state regions of Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska along highway 45 / 385. The strong thunderstorm was high based, but developed a weak precipitation core and had very weak rotation before falling apart. The core of the storm was not intercepted. An area of surface convergence, upper trough, upslope orographics, and surface heating produced the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital still photos. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

10). May 23,5:00 PM - Penetration of severe thunderstorms and observation of strong gustnadoes along their gust fronts from near Letcher, South Dakota southeastward as far as western Iowa. The storms were a multicell line of strong and severe thunderstorms and contained wind gusts to 70-MPH with frequent lightning, small hail, and heavy rains. The gustnadoes developed ahead of the line of storms and a few became quite strong (damage observed was tree damage). A low pressure trough (surface and aloft) and surface heating produced the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

11). May 24,7:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Rock Falls, Illinois along Highway 52 and farther southeast towards Amboy, Illinois. The storm was a small supercell storm that developed at the southern extent of a multicell line of storms. The storm contained lightning, heavy rains, small hail, and wind near 40-MPH where it was penetrated (through a split in the storm). The storm produced quarter-sized hail but the hail core was not deeply penetrated in this storm. A low pressure trough (surface and aloft), cold front, and surface heating produced the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

12). May 25,4:30 PM - Observation a very severe thunderstorm near Elletsville, Indiana near Highway 46. This storm was a small but briefly intense supercell storm with a wall cloud and small funnels produced. Tornado sirens were sounded for the city of Elletsville. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but 40 MPH inflow winds were observed. The storm quickly merged with other storms and formed a multicell squall line. A low pressure trough (surface and aloft), cold front, and surface heating produced the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

13). May 25,7:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Spiceland, Indiana north of Interstate 70. The storm was part of a multicell line of strong and severe storms. The storm contained lightning, heavy rains, small hail, and wind near 40-MPH where it was penetrated. A low pressure trough (surface and aloft), cold front, and surface heating produced the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

14). May 27,9:30 AM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Interstate 29 south of Omaha, Nebraska just east of the Iowa / Nebraska border in Iowa. The storms were encountered while traveling north, and were elevated multicell cluster type storms. Heavy rains, lightning, and 40-MPH winds were encountered. A upper low pressure trough and left-over convection / outflow boundaries due to an overnight MCS produced the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

15). May 27,8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Towner County, North Dakota near Cando along and near Highway 231. The storm was a high-based supercell storm that organized into a tornado-warned (radar indicated) HP supercell storm. The storm had winds over 60-MPH, frequent lightning, heavy rains, and large hail to 1" (quarter sized), although reports of 3" came from nearby (this size was not encountered). A large rotating wall cloud was also observed with this storm, but only some small funnels were produced. A low pressure trough (surface and aloft), stationary front, and surface heating produced the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

16). May 28,9:30 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm near Wanblee, South Dakota in Jackson County in the Pine Springs Indian reservation near highway 44 and Highway 73. The storm was an HP supercell type storm that was on the northern end of a powerful bow-segment in a cluster of severe thunderstorms. This storm had an impressive visual appearance with inflow banding and "stacked plates" appearance on the north "rotating head" cell with a multi-tiered shelf cloud extending southward along the bow segment. The storm did have a wall cloud and rotation, and a tornado warning (radar indicated) was issued for the storm between Wanblee and Long Valley. As the storm approached, 60 to 70-MPH outflow was observed. Conditions in the precipitation core were torrential rains, nearly continuous and frequent lightning, golf ball sized hail, and winds near 70-MPH. The tornado was not observed since I backed away from penetrating the storm core. Power was knocked out in the town of Wanblee. This storm traveled to the northeast and became a multicell cluster and still produced hail to quarter sized with 65-MPH winds, which was again encountered northeast near Okaton and Murdo along Interstate 90. Power was out also in several towns along Interstate 90 and a semi-trailer was nearly blown off the road. The storms were caused by an upper trough / jet stream exit region, surface heating of a post-frontal air mass, and developing surface low pressure. Documentation was HD video, audio, and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 1 AM CDT.

17). May 30,6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm from west of Cheyenne, Oklahoma southward along and west of Highway 283 to Interstate 40. This storm had confirmed softball-sized hail, of course that portion of the storm was avoided, albeit close. Upon penetrating the fringes of the storm core, hail to the size ping-pong balls was observed, with torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and 65 to 70-MPH winds. The storm also produced several funnel clouds and had a rotating wall cloud for some time. When the storm gusted out, winds well over 75-MPH were observed just north of Interstate 40. Tree and sign damage along with flooding occurred with this storm. The storms were caused by an upper trough / jet stream entrance region, surface heating, dryline, and stationary front / outflow boundaries. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

18). June 13, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of strong tropical storm "Alberto" in and near Taylor County in the "big-bend" area of Florida. This tropical system showed some signs of trying to become a hurricane during the night of June 12 to June 13 but managed to be a 65-70 MPH tropical storm as it was fighting wind shear above the system from a shortwave trough. The storm came ashore mid-day on June 13 in central Taylor County in the Big-Bend area of Florida's gulf coast as a 65-MPH tropical storm and a lowest central pressure of 995 MB (996 was measured by my equipment in the storm center). The chase was along the Gulf coastal stretch from Horseshoe Beach through Steinhatchee and about 10 miles northward along Beach Road / Highway 361. The calm center of the storm, although broad and diffuse, was experienced during this interception, along with damage south of where the center made landfall, which was mainly caused by storm surge flooding and 50-MPH+ onshore winds. This was a solo chase involving only myself, but did meet and speak to Doug Kiesling, also chasing the storm from Minnesota. The chase trip logged about 1008 total miles. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was an HD camcorder and still photos. A time-lapse of the vorticity center of Alberto was also done in the storm "eye".

19). July 13, 6:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a strong thunderstorm north of Interstate 70 near Warrenton, Missouri in Warren County. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered with this storm were 45-MPH winds, torrential rains, frequent lightning, and small hail. The storms were caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was an HD camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT.

20). July 18, 7:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe supercell thunderstorm along Highway 21 in Reynolds County, Missouri. This was a difficult chase in the foothills of the eastern Ozark Mountains. The storm was a classic supercell storm with weak rotation developing in a northwest flow aloft type setup. The storm’s worst core was not penetrated, which contained hail to at least golf ball sized with winds to 75-MPH. The worst conditions encountered while grazing the eastern side of the supercell core were 50-MPH winds, torrential rains, frequent lightning, and hail up to 1". Tree damage was also noted with the path of this storm. This long-lived storm actually back-built to southwest and eventually produced baseball sized hail (not intercepted) in Texas County, Missouri. A large wall cloud was also noted on its rear flank (updraft was on NW side of storm). A low-pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was an HD camcorder and digital still photos. A rather small severe thunderstorm watch (issued solely for this supercell storm) was also valid for the area until 10:23 PM CDT.

21). July 19, 6:00 PM - Interception and direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from along Interstate 55 and 6th street near Springfield in Sangamon county, Illinois then southward just west of Interstate 55 and east of Highway 4 in rural areas until around White City in Macoupin County, Illinois. This storm was a violent multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. The MCS developed moving eastward through southern Minnesota earlier in the day, then turned southeast, then south into Illinois, and eventually southwest into Missouri. This was the same cluster of storms that eventually caused extensive wind damage in Saint Louis, Missouri this same day. Conditions encountered with this storm included hail up to 1", winds well over 70-MPH, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. Damage to trees, power lines, and signs were observed. Power was out in many affected areas. A break developed at the southern end of this storm cluster near Macoupin County and Interstate 55 and the northern portion of the cluster weakened thereafter. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital still photos. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

22). July 19, 8:00 PM - Interception and direct penetration of another very severe thunderstorm from near Edwardsville in Madison County, Illinois then southward along Interstates 255 and Highway 15 from East Saint Louis to Belleville, Illinois. The storm developed from a southern split in the previous cluster of severe storms farther north. The southern storm began as an HP supercell thunderstorms near Edwardsville. This supercell has a very suspicious lowering at one point in its inflow "notch" when viewed from the east (most likely a large wall cloud). The storm also had a striated "stacked plate" appearance to its low level mesocyclone. This storm quickly evolved into a bow segment multicell storm cluster and moved south and southwest. The western portions of this high-velocity bow segment devastated portions of the city of Saint Louis with winds near or exceeding 95-MPH. Conditions observed in Illinois were winds gusting over 80-MPH, torrential hurricane-like (sideways) rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and hail to ¾". Damage to trees, signs, and power lines was extensive in some areas. Some tractor-trailer trucks were also overturned by the winds. Almost every area hit by the storms lost power. Some structural damage to buildings was also noted with the storms. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

23). July 20, 9:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm from a distance of 20-30 miles from near Highway 54 in Morgan County, Illinois. The storm was a single severe thunderstorm that developed late after a strong capping inversion weakened. The storm was not intercepted. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, and an upper trough caused the storms. Documentation was digital still photos and an HD camcorder. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

24). July 21, 11:00 AM - Interception and direct penetration of a very severe thunderstorm north of Interstate 70 and south of Highway 340 near Bridgeton in Saint Louis County, Missouri. This severe storm was another violent wind event just two days after a previous extreme damaging wind event. The storm moved in from Saint Charles County and rapidly eastwards over northern portions of Saint Louis. This storm contained winds over 80-MPH, hail up to 1", frequent lightning, and torrential rains as it was intercepted. Tree damage was heavy and many areas hit by the storm lost power. Signs and power lines were also damaged. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough caused the storms. A 2004 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 4 PM CDT.

25). July 22, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Interstate 95 in Broward County, Florida between Sample and Hillsboro Boulevards. The storm was a very strong thunderstorm in a multicell cluster of thunderstorms. Very heavy rains, winds gusting near 45-MPH, small hail, and frequent lightning were observed in this storm. Sea breeze activity, surface heating,, and an upper trough caused the storms. A 2006 Chevy Malibu rental was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 4 PM CDT.

26). Sept 16, 4:00 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic supercell thunderstorm from near Interstate 90 and Highway 81 in McCook County, South Dakota (west of Sioux Falls) northeastward through Pipestone, Minnesota. The storm was a cyclic classic supercell thunderstorm and produced two (or even possible 3) tornadoes. The first tornado developed southwest of the intersection of Interstate 90 and Highway 81. The tornado began as a cone tornado, crossed over I-90 at the overpass of Highway 81 (the overpass took a direct hit with the core wind flow of this tornado), evolved into a large (1/4 mile wide) stove-pipe tornado, then roped-out about 1 mile north of I-90 near Montrose. The tornado was on the ground for about 20 minutes and came within 1/2 mile of our observation point. Debris was noted falling from the sky and a loud "roar" heard from the tornado during its stove-pipe phase. The Rear Flank Downdraft also hit at the same time with heavy rain, small hail, and winds gusting to 70-MPH from the west. The storm produced a second tornado, near Highway 19 and county road G that lasted about 2 minutes and destroyed a house. The storm continued northeast towards Pipestone across the border into Minnesota. A third funnel (a thin rope half way to the ground) was noted and could have possibly been a 3rd tornado. This one lasted only about 30 seconds. The storm continued northeast of Pipestone, MN and weakened. Other conditions encountered with this storm were occasional lightning, small hail, heavy rains, and winds near 70-MPH. The main hail core (at least golf ball sized) was not intercepted. Damage observed was an overturned truck on I-90, tree debris blown around, and major structural damage to a farm house near Chester, SD. Conditions causing the storms were a surface boundary / dry-line interaction, surface heating, and a low pressure system in a strongly sheared (directional shear) environment / very strong winds aloft. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

27). Sept 16, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of another severe thunderstorm near Flandreu, MN along Highway 34. This storm was a smaller HP supercell thunderstorm which did not produce a tornado but had a fairly large wall cloud, RFD clear area, and shelf cloud. The storm was penetrated and contained very heavy rains, 40-MPH winds, and small hail on its southern side. The storm weakened north of Pipestone, MN. Conditions causing the storms were surface boundaries, dry-line, surface heating, jet stream aloft, and a low pressure system. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

28). Sept 16, 7:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm northwest of Brookings, SD to the west of and along Interstate 29. This storm was formerly a tornado-producing supercell storm that evolved into a bow-echo / MCS structure upon our arrival to it. This storm had a linear, but spectacular appearance to it. A large shelf cloud and hail streaks were noted at about 10 miles from the storm. Part of this storm was penetrated and contained very heavy rains, 35-MPH winds, and small hail during its weakening phase. Conditions causing the storms were surface boundaries, dry-line, surface heating, jet stream aloft, and a low pressure system. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

29). Sept 22, 2:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic supercell thunderstorm from north of Interstate 44 from Vichy, Missouri in Phelps County near Highway 63 then through Saint James along Highway 68. The storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm and produced a destructive tornado that struck the northern portions of Saint James, Missouri with severe damage (especially to a gas station) near I-44 and Highway 68. The tornado was noted as a field of airborne debris under a rapidly rotating cloud base on the SW side of the supercell. The tornado was on the ground for about 15 minutes and passed only 1/4 mile south of my observation point! The tornado was at least 1/4 of a mile wide (about 1,500 yards) causing high-end F1 damage. The storm was followed to the northeast along Interstate 44 through Cuba, Missouri. Trucks were overturned on Interstate 44. The supercell storm and its associated tornado continued east and northeast. Other conditions encountered with this storm were very strong winds (over 70-MPH), mainly with the rear-flank downdraft (RFD), small hail, frequent lightning, and torrential rains. The main hail core (up to baseball sized) was not intercepted. Damage observed was severe structural damage to at least one gas station, car wash, debris (building and tree) strewn across the side of Highway 68, power knocked out, and an overturned truck on I-44. Conditions causing the storms were a surface boundary (warm front) and diffuse dry-line interaction, surface heating, and a low pressure system in a strongly sheared (directional shear) environment, and very strong winds (jet stream) aloft. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch (PDS for "Particularly Dangerous Situation") was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

30). Sept 22, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of another extremely severe and tornadic supercell thunderstorm in Jefferson County near Lonedell, Missouri along and near Highways 30 and 47. The storm was another classic supercell thunderstorm and produced a tornado which caused damage in the same county. The tornado was not directly observed but the core of the storm was penetrated where very strong winds (over 65-MPH), frequent lightning, torrential rains, and hail up to golf ball sized were encountered. A large wall cloud was noticed on the southwest side of this storm, but no rotation was noted. A damage path, however, was encountered behind this storm, that was undoubtedly tornadic in nature. A ranch and house on it was heavily damaged in this path. Conditions causing the storms were surface boundaries, surface heating, and a low pressure system in a strongly sheared (directional shear) environment, and very strong winds (jet stream) aloft. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch (PDS for "Particularly Dangerous Situation") was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

31). Sept 22, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of another extremely severe and tornadic supercell thunderstorm in Saint Francios County near Knob Lick, Missouri east of Highway 67. The storm was another supercell thunderstorm that moved across and near Pilot Knob and Ironton, and affected extreme northern Madison County. This storm was not penetrated (although its core had at least golf ball, or larger hail). The fast-moving storm was viewed from its western to southwestern side, where a large RFD slot and funnel (possibly a tornado) was observed. This is the SAME storm that continued to the east and produced a wedge tornado across the river near Carbondale, Illinois. Conditions causing the storms were surface boundaries, surface heating, and a low pressure system in a strongly sheared (directional shear) environment, and very strong winds (jet stream) aloft. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch (PDS for "Particularly Dangerous Situation") was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

32). Sept 22, 7:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe supercell thunderstorm near Hillsboro, Missouri near Highway 21. The storm was an HP type supercell thunderstorm. The storm had rotation in the mid levels and had the impressive "stacked plates" appearance to its rear-flank shelf cloud. When the storm became more outflow dominant, the core of the storm was penetrated. Strong winds gusting near 60-MPH, frequent lightning, torrential rains, and hail up to quarter-sized was encountered briefly in this storm. This storm did have a history of wind damage and power outages. Conditions causing the storms were surface boundaries, surface heating, and a low pressure system in a strongly sheared (directional shear) environment, and very strong winds (jet stream) aloft. A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch (PDS for "Particularly Dangerous Situation") was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

33). Sept 27, 5:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Bollinger County, Missouri and eastward through Saint Girardeau and to near McClure, Illinois. The storm was initially encountered near the towns of Marble Hill and Whitewater along Highways 34 and SR A. The storm was a line segment with a very intense storm on its western end (upper winds were WNW, so this might have been a "tail end charley" storm). A small RFD notch was observed on the updraft base of the cell in this region, along with some small funnel clouds. The storm was supercellular briefly before evolving to a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. The storm's western fringe was penetrated, and penny sized hail was encountered with heavy rains and winds over 50-MPH. The storm moved quickly east into Illinois and weakened a bit before moving out of reach. Lightning also occurred with this storm, and some minor tree damage was observed. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, surface boundary / shear axis, and strong winds aloft (upper trough and jet stream). A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area until 12 AM CDT.

34). Sept 27, 7:30 PM - Interception and penetration of another severe thunderstorm in Scott County, Missouri from Morley to Sikeston near Highway 77. The storm was a cluster of thunderstorms containing within a possible HP supercell storm. The storm produced nearly continuous lightning with frequent and consistent CG (cloud to ground) strokes. When a portion of this storm cluster was penetrated, penny sized hail, 60-MPH (or more) winds, and torrential rains were also observed. The HP type storm embedded in this storm cluster also produced a wall cloud and possible small funnel underneath it, illuminated by the frequent lightning. An interesting swath of tree damage was also noted about 5 miles north of Sikeston after the storm moved to the east. Power was also knocked out in sections of Sikeston, MO. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low-pressure trough, surface boundary interactions, an approaching cold front, and strong winds aloft (upper level disturbance). A 2006 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area until 12 AM CDT.

35). Dec 25, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of strong thunderstorms in Western palm beach County, FL near Belle Glade and eastward along Highway 80. The storms were part of a multicell squall-line of strong and severe thunderstorms. The squall line developed ahead of a strong cold front in a moist and sheared environment. The storms intercepted had a spectacular shelf cloud associated with its gust front and produced winds near 45 to 50-MPH with very heavy rains. The storms weakened before reaching the populated areas of Palm Beach County. The storms were caused by a pre-frontal squall line, moisture convergence, surface heating, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2003 Cadillac CTS was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and still digital photos. A tornado watch was also valid for the area that expired at 5 PM EST.

Summary - This concludes the 2006 chase season. The summary includes a total of 35 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 26 severe thunderstorms, 8 strong thunderstorms, one tropical storm, and 10 tornadoes / funnel clouds were observed. In addition to the Florida chases, much time was spent chasing in the central United States (Midwest). A 2004 Ford Focus Station Wagon was used in 6 chases, a 2006 Ford Focus in 16, 2007 Ford Focus rental in 12, and a 2003 Cadillac CTS in one observation.

2). Feb 13, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in northern Okeechobee County, FL along Highway 441 about 10 miles north of Okeechobee. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The storm cluster pushed rapidly east and offshore of the FL east coast. Small hail, lightning, very heavy rains, and 40-MPH winds were encountered. Two discrete cells south of the storm cluster later evolved into a large supercell storm off the FL east coast in Indian River coastal waters. These cells were not intercepted. The storms were caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper-air disturbance. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 7 PM EST.

3). Mar 31, 3:30 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Polk County, Iowa just north of Interstate 80 and near Altoona along State Road 945. The storm was part of a multi-cell cluster of severe thunderstorms and contained lightning, torrential rains, winds near or exceeding 60-MPH, and hail up to nickel sized. The storms were caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and a strong upper-level low pressure area. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 7 PM CDT. Total mileage logged is 792.4 miles.

4). Mar 31, 6:00 PM - Observation of a small but severe thunderstorm in Dallas County, Iowa just east of Waukee, Iowa along Highway 6. The storm was a small LP type "mini" supercell storm in a highly-sheared environment. The storm produced occasional lightning, and reports of 3/4" hail came with this storm. The hail was not intercepted. The storm produced a lowering and small funnels during its mature stage. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and a strong upper-level low-pressure area. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 7 PM CDT.

5). Apr 3, 3:30 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Shelby County, Indiana just north of Shelbyville along Highway 9. The storm was at the southern end of a multi-cell cluster / line segment of severe thunderstorms and contained lightning, torrential rains, winds near or exceeding 60-MPH, and small hail. This storm had a spectacular shelf cloud associated with its gust front. Some small funnels were noted on the storms forward flank. Wind damage occurred near this storm with power outages, tree damage, and parts of a small out building destroyed. This storm had some HP supercell characteristics but was outflow dominant. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, surface heating, approaching strong cold front, and a strong upper-level low-pressure area. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 10 PM EDT.

6). Apr 3, 6:00 PM - Penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Clark County, Indiana along Interstate 65 and north of Clarksville. The storm was at the southern end of a second multi-cell cluster / line segment of severe thunderstorms farther south than the other segment earlier east of Indianapolis. This storm contained frequent lightning with some close hits, extremely torrential rains, winds gusting over 65-MPH, and nickel-sized (3/4") hail. The main hail core of this storm had hail to 1 3/4" but was not intercepted. This storm had a weak rotating region and prompted a tornado warning for the county to the northeast as well. Power outages and tree damage was also noted with this storm. The storm also caused traffic accidents. This storm had some HP supercell characteristics but quickly became under-cut and outflow dominant. A low-pressure trough, surface heating, approaching strong cold front, and a strong upper-level low-pressure area caused the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 10 PM EDT.

7). Apr 11, 7:00 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Wayne County, Indiana along Interstate 70. The storm was a bow-echo type structure in a multi-cell line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Lightning, torrential rains, winds near or exceeding 60-MPH, and small hail were observed with this storm. This storm also produced an impressive shelf cloud associated with its gust front. The strong outflow winds of the storm also overturned a semi trailer headed westbound on Interstate 70 in Wayne County. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, approaching strong cold front and strong surface low, and a strong upper-level low-pressure area (differential PVA and very cold air aloft). A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM EDT.

8). Apr 14, 6:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm passing over northern Dayton, Ohio at the Stillwater Landings apartments in Montgomery County. The storm was being observed (literally at my front doorstep), not chased, and dropped pea to dime sized hail (up to ½"), which covered the ground in some cases. The storm had occasional lightning and thunder, with moderate rains. The storm was elevated in nature and had no strong winds associated with it. The storm was caused by very cold air aloft, and surface convergence on the backside (NW side) of a developing strong low-pressure system. Snow and rain also fell in the same area this hail even occurred, with surface temperatures in the 30’s. Documentation was HD video. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

9). Apr 26, 6:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm in Union County, Indiana near Highway 27 and Route 44 and west of Liberty Indiana. The storm was a small HP supercell type of storm developing ahead of a squall line of strong and severe thunderstorms. As the line caught up with this short-lived supercell, it evolved into a bow segment and merged with the line of thunderstorms. Frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, winds near 50-MPH, and small hail were observed with this storm. This storm also produced the "stacked-plates" appearance while in supercell mode. A small wall cloud / lowering was also noted at the time of RFD occlusion but did not last long. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, approaching surface low, and a strong upper-level low-pressure area (differential PVA / cold air aloft) to the west. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 10 PM EDT.

10). May 1, 4:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm near Wood County, Ohio near Highway 6 30 miles southeast of Toledo and west of Fremont. This storm was a supercell storm, and an RFD (rear-flank downdraft) was noted on the updraft (southwestern side) of the storm. The core of this storm was not penetrated, but contained hail to nickel sized (3/4"). A small wall cloud / lowering was also noted just north of RFD clear-slot but did not last long. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, approaching surface low, surface boundary / warm front, surface heating, and an upper trough (NW flow and cold air aloft). A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 8 PM EDT.

11). May 1, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Highway 162 along Old State Road N to the northeast of North Fairfield, Ohio. The storm was a small supercell-like storm on the western end of a cluster of strong and severe storms. When penetrating the storm, large hail (up to 1") was observed covering the ground, along with lightning, heavy rains, and winds over 50-MPH. Some tree damage was noted with this storm. The updraft side of this storm also had some interesting lowerings / funnels, but no tornadoes touched down. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, approaching surface low, surface boundary / warm front, surface heating, and an upper trough (NW flow and cold air aloft). A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 8 PM EDT.

12). May 1, 7:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm northeast of Ashland, Ohio in Ashland County from north of that area by about 10-15 miles. The storm was a mini supercell for some time before weakening. The core of this storm was not penetrated (but contained hail to 1"). The storm updraft contained weak rotation, giving the updraft a striated appearance (barber-pole). The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, approaching surface low, surface boundary / warm front, surface heating, and an upper trough (NW flow and cold air aloft). A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 8 PM EDT.

13). May 1, 8:30 PM - Observation of another severe thunderstorm south of Ashland, Ohio in Ashland County near Interstate 71. The storm was highly outflow-dominant but had some HP supercell characteristics. The core of this storm passed with small hail, frequent lightning, torrential rains, and winds near 60-MPH. The largest impact of this storm that it produced large amounts of rain in a short period of time, and caused flash flooding. The storms were caused by a low-pressure trough, approaching surface low, surface boundary / warm front, surface heating, and an upper trough (NW flow and cold air aloft). A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM EDT.

14). May 6, 6:00 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm in Broward County, Florida northwest of Coral Springs near the Sawgrass Expressway. The storm was a classic supercell storm, producing a large wall cloud and possible tornado (observed from a distance) in this area. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with vault, beaver’s tail, wall cloud, and striated appearance on its updraft. The storm also produced large hail and winds to 70-MPH. Since the core of this storm was not penetrated, 30-MPH winds, rain, and small hail was encountered. The tornado did not do any damage as it was west of the populated areas (over the Everglades). The storm weakened and a large MCS (cluster) of strong and severe storms then developed towards Miami-Dade County afterwards. A low-pressure trough, approaching upper low, sea-breeze activity, and surface heating caused the storms. A developing area of subtropical low pressure to the northeast also provided a strong NW flow aloft. A 2006 Toyota Corolla (Rental) was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM EDT.

15). May 15, 6:15 PM - Penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in eastern portions of Whitley County, Indiana on a rural farm road near Dunfee between Highways 30 and 14. This storm was a multicell squall line of severe thunderstorms. This storm had most of its destructive winds well ahead of its precipitation region and was a bow-segment in the line of thunderstorms. At least two major gustnadoes were observed crossing fields in Whitley County. One large gustnado was filled with debris (corn stalks and leaves) and another nearly reached cloud-level. Winds estimated from 70-75 MPH with airborne debris and dust was observed. The storm north of the bow-segment had weak rotation, and a small RFD-like clear slot was noted on its southern side (rotating "head" storm). Only light rain was encountered with this storm, and occasional lightning. The storm also had a history of producing wind damage. Many trees and power lines were observed damaged by the storm. The storm was caused by a prefrontal wave (squall line) ahead of a strong cold front, surface low / trough, surface heating, and an upper-level disturbance. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 10 PM EDT.

16). May 15, 11:00 PM - Penetration of another severe thunderstorm on the western side of Springfield, Ohio north of Interstate 78 and along Highway 68 in Clark County, Ohio. This storm was an HP supercell storm embedded in a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. A tornado warning (radar-indicated) was issued for this storm. A large wall cloud was observed, illuminated by nearly continuous lightning, north of Interstate 70 and near Medway. Funnels or tornadoes, if any, were not observed. The core of the storm passed and produced torrential rains, 60-MPH winds, frequent lightning, and hail up to dime-sized (1/2"). Some tree damage and power outages were also noted in the path of this storm, which also had a wind-damage history. The storms were developing ahead of a strong cold front, and were supported by a surface trough / low and an upper level disturbance. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 3 AM EDT.

17). May 23, 5:00 PM - Observation and interception of an extremely severe (and tornadic) thunderstorm in Harper County, Oklahoma near Laverne and west of Buffalo along Highway 270 and Highway 46. This storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm developing just south of a quasi-stationary / warm front boundary and well-ahead of a dryline in very unstable air. The storm explosively developed during convective initiation (capping inversion breeched or overcome), quickly became severe, and developed a mesocyclone in a short period of time. The storm had a large, and rapidly rotating wall cloud / funnels, then (just before RFD occlusion) finally produced a brief tornado lofting tree debris over Highway 46. Partially melted hail was noted on the ground south of this storm, and was measured at golf ball (1.75") to hen's egg (half dollar, or slightly more than 2") sized. Deeper into the storm core, 6 miles west of Buffalo, softball sized hail to 4.25" was confirmed (this size was not intercepted by myself and my group). Winds near 50 MPH were also noted with the storm RFD (Rear-Flank Downdraft). The storm lasted about an hour and a half before moving north of the stationary front and weakening. Conditions producing this supercell storm were directional wind shear (surface low / upper trough), dryline and frontal boundary (ahead of triple-point), and surface heating. Documentation was still photos and HD video. A 2006 Suzuki Aerio sedan was used to chase the storm. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM CDT.

18). May 23, 7:00 PM - Observation and interception of another extremely severe (and possibly tornadic) thunderstorm in Lipscomb County, Texas from near Lipscomb along Highway 305 and points north / northeast. This storm was an HP supercell thunderstorm developing on the southern end of a line of thunderstorms (tail-end Charley). This storm had a large, and slowly rotating wall cloud and several funnels were observed. Some of these wall clouds were observed very close to the ground. This HP (High Precipitation) supercell lasted for roughly 3-4 hours. It had a very impressive visual appearance, with the "stacked-plates" (barber-pole) effect, and visual BWER (Bounded Weak Echo Region, or "vault"). This storm also produced exceptionally large hail, with the largest sizes encountered as big as golf balls during fringe encounters with the core of this storm. This storm also produced very powerful and frequent lightning with many close hits. When in its weakening stages / evolution to multicell cluster (MCS), winds gusting over 75-MPH were encountered on the north side of the storm (mesocyclone) with a wind shift from strong west to easterly and large hail when heading northward. This storm also produced flooding and extremely heavy rains. Conditions producing this storm were directional wind shear (surface low / upper trough), advancing dryline, and surface heating. Documentation was still photos and HD video. A 2006 Suzuki Aerio sedan was used to chase the storm. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM CDT.

19). May 23, 9:30 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm while heading east on Highway 64 and just west of Buffalo, Oklahoma in Harper County. This storm was a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. Torrential rains, 60-MPH winds, frequent lightning, and hail up to nickel-sized (3/4") was encountered during the passage through this storm. This storm was part of a large MCS of thunderstorms, and was caused by outflow boundaries, frontal convergence (warm front), an upper trough, and surface heating. A 2006 Suzuki Aerio sedan was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM CDT.

20). June 1, Evening - Observation of the effects of Tropical Storm Barry along the southeastern Florida coast, mainly in coastal Broward County. Tropical storm Barry developed in the northwest Caribbean and moved to the north between Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula. The storm reached 50-MPH sustained winds during the night of June 1, but weakened to a tropical depression before making landfall north of Tampa, FL on June 2. Due to high wind shear, most of the weather associated with tropical storm Barry was not confined to its weak and diffuse center. Instead, much of the convection and wind was a hundred miles or so to its east, and affected south Florida. During this brief observation, winds gusting to 40 MPH were observed, along with 6-8 foot waves along the FL east coast. The storm also produced about 5-8 inches of rain - Which was actually a good thing since S Florida was recovering from a major drought at the time. The vehicle used to observe this storm was a 2007 Chevy Cobalt (rental). Documentation was still digital photos. A tropical storm warning and tornado watch were also issued for the areas affected by tropical storm Barry. The convection also made for a rough arrival via Airtran Airways into Fort Lauderdale airport the same day.

21). June 6, 4:30 PM - Interception of a very severe thunderstorm and tornado southwest of Wanblee, South Dakota near Shannon County from Highway 44. The storm was a supercell storm that originally began as a classic supercell then evolved to HP mode and subsequent bow echo (intense multicell cluster) there-after. This storm produced a long lived dusty tube type tornado in Shannon County at around 4:30 PM MDT. The latter cycle of this tornado was observed from near Wanblee at a distance of 10-15 miles. The supercell storm occluded and a new mesocyclone developed to the east of the previous (tornadic) one but only produced some funnel clouds. The storm evolved to HP, and produced another barely-visible rain-wrapped tornado southwest of Kadoka, SD before the storm quickly evolved to a bow-echo structure. Both tornadoes occurred over un-populated areas so damage was not observable. The cores of the supercell / bow were not penetrated but winds exceeding 70-MPH and hail up to 1" was encountered on the fringes of the storm. Damage observed was to trees and power lines, and included a semi-truck blown over in Interstate 90 near Murdo, South Dakota. Conditions producing the storms were a strong low-pressure system, dryline / boundary interactions, surface heating, intense upper-level system / jet stream aloft, and possible up-slope (southeast) wind flow. Documentation was still digital pictures, HD video, and SD video. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A PDS Tornado Watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM CDT (10 PM MDT).

22). June 7, 3:30 PM - External observation of a very severe and tornadic developing supercell thunderstorm from Interstate 90 in eastern Minnesota (northeast of Rochester and northwest of Winona). This developing storm was observed from a distance of about 15 miles at its point of closest approach and was not penetrated. Viewing the rear-flank of this highly-sheared storm, a well-defined rear flank downdraft (RFD) clear slot was noted along with a large funnel / tornado like lowering. This is also the same storm that produced tornado damage near Ried, Wisconsin a couple of hours later. Conditions producing this storm were a strong low pressure system and attendant dryline, surface heating, very strong winds / jet stream aloft, and abundant moisture. Documentation was still digital photos. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CDT.

23). June 7, 5:00 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from Lacross, Wisconsin northeastward into Wisconsin Rapids along and near highway 173. This storm was a violent supercell (classic) thunderstorm that produced a tornado that struck part of Wisconsin Rapids and affected the area with hail exceeding 4 inches in diameter. The tornado from this storm was observed from a distance of 10 miles, behind an impressive and large RFD clear-slot on the rear-flank of this supercell. This storm was moving northeast at over 60-MPH, so getting "ahead" of it was not an option. Fortunate to the fact that hail exceeding 4" in diameter, although partially melted, was found covering the ground on the southwest side of Wisconsin Rapids. Damage from this hail was extensive, including many cars damaged or destroyed, holes punched in roofs, many trees stripped of leaves and twigs, and even deep craters left in the ground. The largest "gorilla" hail was set at 4.25" (a bit larger than a grapefruit or softball). The tornado path was not observed but was just east of where the largest hail feel. Trees and power lines down were also encountered with power knocked out. Conditions producing this storm were a strong low pressure system and attendant dryline, surface heating, very strong winds / jet stream aloft, and abundant moisture. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CDT.

24). June 7, 10:00 PM - Interception and observation of another severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm just west of Interstate 39 near the town of Rochelle, Illinois. This storm appeared to be on the leading edge of a cluster of severe thunderstorms earlier moving eastward out of eastern Iowa. The main focus on this storm was lightning photography, but interesting banding and "stacked plate" structure of the storm was revealed by lightning and digital camera time exposures. The storm appeared to be a small classic supercell storm, and a funnel cloud / possible brief tornado was observed (via time-exposure photography) illuminated by both lightning and the lights from nearby Rochelle. This "area" passed to our north and an RFD (rear-flank downdraft) hooked around it, with small hail and winds over 50-MPH. Later analysis of the imagery from this storm revealed a mesocyclone was indeed present and a tornado / funnel cloud clearly presented in time-exposure images. Conditions producing this storm were a strong low pressure system and attendant dryline, surface heating, very strong winds / jet stream aloft, and abundant moisture. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CDT.

25). July 10, 5:00 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm west of Interstate 75 near Dayton in Montgomery County, Ohio. The storm was a pulse-type severe thunderstorm producing strong winds and frequent lightning on the southwest side of Dayton. The strongest winds observed were about 45-MPH, as the main core of the storm was not penetrated. Heavy rains and frequent lightning was also noted with this storm. The storms were caused by an outflow boundary, surface heating, and weak upper trough. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

26). July 22, 3:00 PM - Observation of the core conditions of a severe thunderstorm in eastern Broward county, Florida in the city of Fort Lauderdale just north of Broward Boulevard and NW 5th Avenue. The storm was not chased, but observed while stationary during a late lunch. The storm contained torrential rains, frequent lightning with many close hits, winds over 50-MPH, and hail up to penny sized. The storm was a portion of a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms. A low-pressure tough, weak upper tough, surface heating, and sea-breeze convergence caused the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was involved but not actively chasing this storm at the time.

27). July 23, 5:30 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of a very severe thunderstorm near Sunrise in Broward county, Florida near sunrise Boulevard and Nob Hill Road. The storm was an intense cell (briefly acquiring HP supercell characteristics) in a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms. On the southern edge of the core of this severe storm, torrential rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, and winds near 45-MPH was observed. A report of golf ball-sized hail to 1.75" was reported by a sheriff near Oakland Park Boulevard about 1-2 miles away from my position). This storm also had a spectacular shelf cloud, and pronounced green color denoting the hail core nearby. A low-pressure tough, weak upper tough, surface heating, and sea-breeze convergence caused the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase them. Documentation was digital stills.

28). Sept 21, 4:15 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Cypress Creek Boulevard and Interstate-95 in Broward county, Florida. The storm was a small supercell storm that produced an impressive, rotating wall cloud and funnel clouds. The storm was observed from an office in the area as I was not actively chasing at the time. The storm core was not penetrated, but the mesocyclone and rain-free base passed right over my location. A defined RFD clear slot was also noted on the SW side of the updraft. A low-pressure tough, weak upper tough, surface heating, and sea-breeze convergence caused the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was involved but not actively chasing this storm at the time.

29). Oct 31, Mid-Day - Observation of the effects of Tropical Storm Noel along the southeastern Florida coast, mainly in coastal Palm Beach County. Tropical storm Noel developed in the Caribbean Sea and moved to the north between Cuba and the Dominican Republic. The storm remained weak and sheared, but reached 50-MPH sustained winds during the day of October 31, but later intensified to a hurricane north of the Bahamas as it headed out to sea and became extratropical a day or two later. The storm’s outer wind envelop affected the southeastern Florida coast as it remained near Andros Island in the Bahamas and moved north. These were the main effects observed, mainly as strong winds to 40 MPH and waves as high as 15 feet in the coastal areas of Palm Beach County. Heavy rain was observed with some outer feeder bands from this storm, and severe beach erosion was also noted. The vehicle used to observe this storm was a 2007 Ford Focus. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A tropical storm warning was also issued for the areas affected by tropical storm Noel.

30). Dec 8, 2:15 PM - Observation of a weak tornado in Palm Beach County, Florida east of Highway 27 and south of South Bay. The tornado was a weak land spout type tornado developing under a convective shower that formed from the lake-breeze boundary off the southeastern side of Lake Okeechobee. A funnel cloud was associated with a ground circulation (dust / debris) and clearly connected to the base of the convective cell. The convective shower was low-topped in nature and had moderate rain associated with it. Documentation was still digital pictures. A 2007 Ford Focus was involved but not actively chasing this storm at the time. Surface heating and boundary interactions caused the weak tornado on otherwise a fair-weather day!

Summary - This concludes the 2007 chase season. The summary includes a total of 30 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 26 severe thunderstorms, 1 strong thunderstorm, 10 tornadoes / funnels, and two tropical storms were observed. In addition to chasing in Florida, a considerable amount of chasing was done in the central United States (Midwest) as well. A 2007 Ford Focus was used in 24 chases, a 2005 Ford Focus rental in one, a 2006 Toyota Corolla rental in one, a 2006 Suzuki Aerio rental in 3, and a 2007 Chevy Cobalt rental in one observation.

2). Jan 19, ALL-DAY - Rather unique coastal observation conducted along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan near Saint Joseph, Michigan near Highway 94. This is my first chase dedicated to lake-effect snow and winter weather. Conditions near Saint Joseph included moderate to heavy snow with strong 30-35 MPH on-shore (NW) winds. Waves as high as 6-8 feet were also observed along the Lake Michigan shore, with freezing spray (some of which left a coat of ice on metal surfaces). Temperatures ranged from -5 to 10 degrees F during this chase. An extremely cold arctic / Canadian high-pressure area interacting with a departing low over the Great Lakes caused the lake-effect snow storm. Documentation was a camcorder and digital photos. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to observe the conditions. A winter weather advisory was also valid for the area in Michigan.

3). Feb 4, 9:30 PM - Penetration of strong thunderstorms along Interstate 65 near Fair Oak, Indiana southward to near Morocco (highway 114) from southern Lake County into northern Newton County. The storms were a portion of a multi-cell squall line of strong thunderstorms moving across the area, rather unseasonable for this time of the year. The thunderstorms contained very heavy rains, small hail, winds gusting over 50-MPH, and frequent lightning with close hits. Extremely dense fog was associated with the thunderstorm environment, and the ground was still snow-covered from a snow storm less than 24 hours earlier! Bad visibility caused accidents, and a semi-trailer was blown into trees in the median on I-65. A warm front and upper-level trough produced the storms. The storms were elevated and ahead of a surface warm-front to the south. A strong jet-stream was also present aloft. No surface heating was noted with this setup. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 1 AM CST.

4). Feb 5, 4:30 PM - Penetration and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm on the north side of Memphis in Shelby County, Tennessee along and south of Interstate 240 and 55. The storm was an HP supercell storm developing on the southern portion of a broken line of strong and severe thunderstorms. This storm also produced a significant tornado to the northeast of Memphis and this was observed from a distance from just northwest of Memphis International Airport. Near the core of this storm, 50 MPH winds, very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and small hail was encountered. A large, blocky wall cloud was found in the rain-free base of the storm when headed south on I-240. The storms were caused by a strong low-pressure trough, both surface and aloft, slight surface heating, boundary interactions in a highly-sheared environment. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CST.

5). Feb 5, 5:30 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Capleville and east of Memphis International Airport in Shelby County, Tennessee near Lamar Avenue (Highway 78). The storm was a small supercell storm that was northeast of a stronger and more intense storm to its southwest. The storm had frequent lightning and a very large rotating wall cloud. It did not produce a tornado in the immediate area. The storms were caused by a strong low-pressure trough, both surface and aloft, slight surface heating, boundary interactions in a highly-sheared environment. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and a camcorder. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CST.

6). Feb 5, 6:30 PM - Direct penetration and observation of an extremely severe and dangerous tornadic thunderstorm near the intersection of Airways Blvd and I-240 in Shelby County, Tennessee and points south and east. This storm was a significant supercell storm that was to produce a long track and destructive tornado from southwest of Memphis International Airport then east and northeast near Germantown and eventually as far as Jackson. Observing this storm was very difficult due to visibility (because it was at dusk and in a populated area) but a brief glimpse of the tornado (a large bowl-shaped lowering on its SW side nearly to the ground) was attained. The core of the storm hit, with the tornado passing just 1/2 mile to my south, and winds (core or RFD) gusted from 70-80 MPH, frequent lightning with close hits, sideways and torrential rains, and hail 1" to isolated golf ball-sized was encountered. A hasty retreat was made down Airways road south then east on Democrat road north of the airport, then SE Lamar (Highway 78). The RFD blasted to 70-MPH in rapidly clearing air and a large lowering (tornado) was visible to the east with power-flashes (very poor contrast) when making an eastward turn on Winchester road. Extensive damage to residences, a shopping mall, and numerous businesses was observed, especially where Winchester road and Hickory Hill roads meet. Debris was scattered across the street, and many power lines / trees were down. This damage path was at least 1/2 mile wide and extended SW to NE with areas of more or lesser damage. Power was also knocked out along this path. The tornado also caused more damage and deaths during its long track to the NE at over 60-MPH. A quick radio interview report and damage survey was also conducted after this storm. The storms were caused by a strong low-pressure trough, both surface and aloft, slight surface heating, boundary interactions in a highly-sheared environment. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CST.

7). Feb 5, 9:00 PM - Penetration and observation of a severe thunderstorm and possible tornado observation to the southeast of Sikeston in New Madrid County, Missouri along Interstate 55 and south and along Interstate 57 and eastward through Charleston and towards Cairo, Illinois. The storm was an HP supercell storm developing ahead of a multi-cell line of strong and severe thunderstorms associated with the cold front of the approaching low-pressure area. The storm had frequent lightning with some close hits, hail to 3/4", torrential rains, and winds to 60-MPH. A large cone shaped lowering, illuminated by lightning, was noted south of this storm cell before encountering precipitation when about 5 miles south of Sikeston on I-55 (looking NNE). The storms were caused by a strong low-pressure trough, both surface and aloft, and approaching cold front in a highly-sheared environment. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. Documentation was a camcorder. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for this area until 12 AM CST.

8). Feb 10, ALL-DAY - Coastal observation for high winds and lake-effect snow along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan near and north of Saint Joseph, Michigan near Highway 94. Conditions near Saint Joseph included heavy, blowing and drifting snow with strong 45-50 MPH on-shore (NW) winds. Waves in lake Michigan were observed as high as 10-15 feet, with heavy freezing spray (leaving a heavy coat of ice on metal surfaces). Temperatures ranged from -5 to 5 degrees F during this chase. An extremely cold arctic / Canadian high-pressure area interacting with an intense departing low / Alberta-clipper cold front over the Great Lakes caused the lake-effect snow storm. Documentation was a camcorder and digital photos. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to observe the conditions. A winter weather advisory was also valid for the area in Michigan.

9). Mar 15, 4:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm, and attendant funnel cloud, along Highway 4 in Contra Costa County, California. The storm was a cold-core thunderstorm developing in a cool Pacific air mass under a region of very cold air aloft. Small hail (pea sized), 30+ MPH winds, and heavy rains were encountered with this small storm. A brief funnel was noted on the northwestern side of the storm during peak intensity to the northeast of Concord, California. The funnel did not touch down. Conditions causing the storms were modest surface heating, a strong low-pressure area aloft (steep lapse rates), and boundary / orographic interactions. A 2007 Dodge Calibre (rental) was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills and digital video.

10). Mar 31, 4:30 PM - Penetration of very severe (or possibly tornadic) thunderstorms to the northeast of Springfield, Missouri along Interstate 44 in Webster County. The storms were a portion of a multicell cluster / line of strong and severe thunderstorms. The cell penetrated was an HP supercell / bow segment within the line of storms that contained wind gusts near 70-MPH and hail up to dime-sized. Torrential rains and frequent lightning was also noted with this storm. Debris was observed across Interstate 44 along with trees / poles down and a roof ripped off a building. This storm was the same storm that caused tornado-like damage to the north of Springfield. The actual tornado was not observed, but a cyclonic motion was noted with the storm. The storm was caused by a low pressure system and strong upper-level disturbance. Documentation was digital video and stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch also was in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

11). Mar 31, 6:30 PM - Penetration of another severe thunderstorm in Van Buren County, Arkansas near Clinton along Highway 65. The severe storm was part of a multicell line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Heavy rains, frequent lightning, small hail, and winds gusting over 60-MPH were observed with this storm. The storm was caused by a low pressure system and strong upper-level disturbance. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch also was in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

12). Apr 9, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Breckenridge, Texas and near Highway 183 and 180 in Stephens County, Texas. The storm was a violent supercell thunderstorm that had a very long track, initiating near Nolan, Texas (near Highway 277 south of Sweetwater) and tracking well to the east and northeast before finally weakening near Collinsville (at least 6 hours later and over 200 miles to the NE of its point of initiation)! The storm was the most intense for a short time as it tracked from near Tye, Texas to points past Breckenridge. This storm produced at least 3 tornadoes during this early stage in its life, and as it was in classic supercell mode (after that it weakened and evolved to HP). 3 tornadoes were observed, including the end-stage of the destructive second tornado that affected Breckenridge. Torrential rains, winds gusting well over 70-MPH, frequent lightning, and golf ball-sized hail (or larger) was also encountered with this storm. Damage observed was in Breckenridge, and included an overturned semi-truck, power poles snapped, trees uprooted, and buildings / houses destroyed (or having their roofs torn off). Luckily, no one was hurt in Breckenridge, but I did stop to help out / clear debris. The storm was caused by a warm / stationary front, boundary / dryline interactions, surface heating, intense wind shear, and a strong low pressure system / trough. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation) tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 8 PM CDT. A 2008 Kia (rental) was used to chase the storms.

13). Apr 10, 4:30 PM - Observation of a small but possibly severe thunderstorm in Desha County, Arkansas near Highway 165 and to the northeast of Dumas. This was a small storm that developed along a shear-axis (boundary) and produced some brief funnels on its updraft base. The core of this cell was not intercepted and no damage was observed, except for severe river flooding (from many other storms earlier that day in a squall line) which inundated some homes and farms in the area. The storm was caused by boundary interactions, surface heating, wind shear, and a strong low pressure system / trough. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 11 PM CDT. A 2008 Kia (rental) was used to chase the storms.

14). May 1, 8:00 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Howard / Moline, Kansas and points northeast through Chanute in Wilson County. The storm was followed from its point of initiation at about 6 PM to past Allen County at about 10 PM. The storm also produced a multi-vortex tornado, in which at least one suction vortex was observed on the ground with debris near the intersection of Highway 75 and Highway 39. The storm was a supercell thunderstorm, and evolved between classic and HP (high precipitation) modes. Numerous funnel clouds / possible additional brief tornadoes were also observed with this storm. The storm also produced frequent lightning, torrential rains, winds to 65-MPH, and hail up to tennis-ball sized (2.25"). No damage was observed as most tornadoes, hail, and winds occurred over rural areas of Wilson and Allen counties. The storm was caused by boundary / dryline interactions, surface heating, intense wind shear, and a strong low pressure system / trough. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 1 AM CDT. A 2008 Dodge Calibre (rental) was used to chase the storms.

15). May 2, 12:00 AM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm near I-35 at the Days Inn motel in Franklin county in Ottawa, Kansas. The storm was a bowed-out line segment of severe thunderstorms, and produced winds gusting over 70-MPH. Frequent lightning, torrential rains, and pea to dime-sized hail was also observed with this storm. The storm caused some wind damage and knocked out power in some areas. The storm was caused by a strong cold front, upper trough (wind shear), and a strong low pressure system. Documentation was HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 1 AM CDT. A 2008 Dodge Calibre (rental) was used to chase the storms.

16). May 2, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Gratiot, Wisconsin and highway 78 in Lafayette County. The storm was a multicell storm but briefly acquired supercell characteristics before evolving to a line-segment. The storm produced small hail, very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds gusting near 55-MPH. A wall cloud and RFD (rear flank downdraft) was also noted on this storm before weakening. The storm was caused by an occluding cold and warm front, cold-core low pressure system, surface heating, and upper-level low (differential vorticity / cold air aloft). Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 10 PM CDT. A 2008 Dodge Calibre (rental) was used to chase the storms.

17). May 21, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Wray, Colorado along Highway 35 in Yuma County. The storm was an LP supercell storm that developed ahead of a developing dryline. The core of this storm contained hail up to half-dollar sized, but this region was not penetrated. Conditions encountered were winds over 60-MPH, moderate rain, lightning, and hail up to nickel sized. A small funnel was also observed on the rear flank of the storm. Conditions producing the storm were a developing dryline boundary, strong upper trough, a lee surface trough (developing Colorado low), upslope flow, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM MDT.

18). May 21, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Stratton and west of Kit Carson, Colorado at the intersection of I-70 and Highway 59 in Kit Carson County. The storm was an HP supercell storm that was part of a cluster of severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered with this storm were winds near 70-MPH, very heavy rain, frequent lightning, and marble-sized hail covering the ground. A large wall cloud (possible tornado) was also observed with this storm north of Stratton. Conditions producing the storm were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, developing Colorado low, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM MDT.

19). May 22, 4:00 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm from near Dighton and into Gove, Kansas mainly along Highway 23 and into Gove County. The storm was a classic supercell storm that evolved to an HP supercell and produced numerous rotating wall clouds and funnels. The storm core had large hail and high winds, but was not penetrated. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

20). May 22, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of another very severe thunderstorm to the southwest of Oakley, Kansas in Gove and Logan counties south of Interstate 70. The storm updraft produced a wall cloud and small needle funnel / brief tornado. The storm passed to the north, and hail to quarter sized was encountered. Hail stones as big as 2.5" were noted lying on the ground. Heavy rains and winds gusting near 45 MPH were also observed. A large RFD clear-slot was noted with this storm as it passed north of Oakley before it weakened. The storm was a classic supercell storm. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

21). May 22, 6:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm to near Grinnell, Kansas in Sheridan county north of Interstate 70 and near Highway 216. This storm was a classic supercell storm, and quickly intensified and produced a tornado, which began as a truncated cone and evolved to a spectacular rope-type tornado which lasted over 15 minutes. Little damage was noted with this tornado. The storm core was not penetrated but inflow / RFD winds near 50 MPH were encountered. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

22). May 22, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm to near Collyer, Kansas in Trego county from near Interstate 70 and Saint Peter Road and then northward along and near Highway 283. This storm was a violent HP supercell storm, and produced multiple tornadoes, of which at least two were observed. One tornado was a rope-type tornado south of I-70 observed in a golf-ball sized hail core while heading east on I-70. The second was a multi-vortex / dusty wedge-type tornado that crossed I-70 before the storm went north and weakened. Damage was reported this tornado, including a roof torn off a farm building. Inflow winds near 65 MPH were encountered southeast of the dusty wedge tornado on the inflow side of the supercell! As the storm weakened, the core was penetrated and 70-80 MPH RFD winds were felt in torrential rains near Hill City along Highway 283. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

23). May 22, 8:30 PM - Observation and penetration of another very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the southwest of Wakeeney, Kansas in Trego county and near Interstate 70 and Highway 283. This storm was a classic supercell storm that quickly evolved to an HP supercell. During classic to HP evolution, another wall cloud and large funnel, then a cone tornado, was observed in the "bears cage" of the storm. This storm had continuous and violent CG lightning with many close hits, and produced winds gusting over 75-MPH, violent rains, and hail to quarter sized. Damage was done from this storm in Wakeeney, and power was knocked out as well. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

24). May 23, 5:30 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm north of Quinter in Gove County, Kansas along North Castle Rock Road. This storm was followed from its point of initiation near Ness County for a couple of hours. The storm violently intensified near Quinter because it interacted with a warm front / boundary. The storm produced lightning, torrential rains, and hail up to grapefruit-sized. The main core of the storm was not penetrated. At least three tornadoes were produced by the storm near Quinter. The first was a large stove-pipe tornado just southwest of Quinter. The second was a large circulation that became a violent tornado, nearly a mile wide, north of Quinter. At least one large satellite vortex, a large stove-pipe tornado, was observed east of the wedge-tornado that rotated around (first moved NE, then N, then NW) the main tornado. The inflow into the wedge tornado was extremely violent, downing power poles and breaking a window on the chase vehicle. Many storm chasers were in this area, some blown off the road, while others suffering major damage. Fortunately, this tornado missed the main part of any towns. Many power poles were down, and airborne farm equipment was noted (grain bin rolling across the roadway). This tornado was observed at a dangerously close range! Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, stationary / warm front, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

25). May 23, 6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of another very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the southeast of Gove, Kansas in Gove county and near County Road 466 west of Castle Rock road. This storm was a small classic supercell storm that produced a large funnel / possible tornado. This storm had frequent lightning with some close hits, and produced winds gusting near 45-MPH, heavy rains, and hail to quarter sized. After documenting this storm, both my chase vehicle, and my companion's 4x4 got stuck in the mud and had to be towed out with a tractor. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, stationary / warm front, strong upper trough, Colorado low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A PDS tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

26). May 24, 6:30 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm near Doniphan in Hall County, Nebraska. This weak storm cell was a small, low-topped LP supercell. Despite rotation in the updraft, it failed to become fully developed due to a strong capping inversion aloft. The storm had a rotating structure, and typical LP appearance, but was low-topped. The storm had inflow winds to about 40-MPH and light rain. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, upper trough, low-pressure trough, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

27). May 25, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Bison and La Crosse along highway 4 in Rush County, Kansas. Before being over-taken by a cluster / line of outflow-dominant storms, this storm was a classic supercell. The storm core had 50-MPH winds, hail at least golf-ball sized, and frequent lightning. One close CG hit was within 100 feet of the chase group! A rotating wall cloud with funnels was observed on the south side of the supercell after getting out of the hail core. The storm produced a small tornado near Bison, which lasted about 5 minutes. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, upper trough, low-pressure trough, cold front, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

28). May 26, 7:30 PM - Observation and direct penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm along highways 183 and 54 from Greensburg to east of Pratt, Kansas in Kiowa and Pratt counties. The storm was a violent HP / classic supercell thunderstorm that developed on the southern end of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The storm was first approached from the northwest, and a large rotating wall cloud was present on its updraft (southern / rear) flank with a large funnel brief tornado crossing highway 183 south of Greensburg (the same town struck by the devastating EF-5 tornado on May 4, 2007). This tornado was brief. The storm core was penetrated while re-positioning east of Greensburg on highway 54. Hail larger than baseball sized was observed, causing numerous dents and a smashed windshield on the chase vehicle. This storm had isolated hail up to 4" (nearly softball / grapefruit sized). Torrential rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and winds gusting over 70-MPH were also encountered with this storm. The storm caught up with Pratt, Kansas and produced a cone tornado just southeast of the town. The supercell RFD occluded and evolved to a bow / line segment afterwards. Some tree damage was observed as well as flooding, and hail damage. Conditions producing the storms were surface heating, interactions with a Pacific cold front and dryline boundary, upper trough, and a low-pressure system. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

29). May 27, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Altus, Oklahoma in Jackson county near Highway 283. This storm was a classic supercell that evolved to an HP storm before weakening and becoming a cluster of thunderstorms. Conditions experienced with this storm were 50-MPH winds, heavy rains, 1/2 inch hail, and frequent lightning. A rotating wall cloud and two small funnels were observed with this storm. The supercell had a striking visual appearance, with a "stacked plate" effect. Conditions producing the storms were boundary interactions, surface heating, and a weakening upper trough. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

30). May 27, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Vernon, Texas in Wilbarger county near Highway 70. This storm was an intense cell in a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions experienced with this storm were winds gusting near 60-MPH winds, 1/2 inch hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Conditions producing the storms were boundary interactions, surface heating, and a weakening upper trough. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

31). May 29, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Kearney, Nebraska along Highway 10 and Highway 30 in Buffalo County. The storm was a supercell thunderstorm that initiated south of North Platte and tracked towards the east and northeast. The storm was first picked up about 15 miles southwest of Kearney in Kearney county and followed northeast through the town. The storm produced a small tornado in Kearney County and a destructive tornado that caused extensive damage in parts of Kearney, Nebraska. The storm also had winds gusting near 80-MPH, frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and hail up to golf ball sized. The main storm core was grazed, but not penetrated. The tornado was observed while in Kearney and at very close range, where winds well over 100-MPH were encountered, with tree debris and parts of signs / roofs airborne. A portion of a coliseum had half its roof blown off and power poles were snapped just above the ground. Structural damage was observed in some buildings. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, strong low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Kia Rio was used to chase the storms. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

32). May 29, 5:30 PM - Observation and interception of an extremely severe and violent tornadic supercell thunderstorm near Beloit and Glen Elder, Kansas along Highway 24 and near Highway 14 and Highway 30 in Mitchell County. The storm was a violent classic (and cyclic) supercell thunderstorm that produced multiple tornadoes. The storm was approached from the east on Highway 24 and presented a spectacular staked plates / mother ship structure when viewed from the northeast. The storm became a prolific tornado producer, and a large tornado (wedge) with multiple vortices (at some times 3 tornadoes / sub-vortices were noted) was observed with this storm near Glen Elder. The storm occluded, and continued northeast, causing additional damage in Jewell, Kansas. A small tornado, well south of the original large tornado (possibly anti-cyclonic) and in near darkness, took a direct hit on myself and other chasers (Tim Samaras's group) when attempting to go north on a farm road east of Highway 14. A vehicle had its windows blown out (all people involved were shaken but OK). The storm core had hail at least baseball sized, but was not penetrated. Inflow / RFD winds over 70-MPH were also observed with this storm, along with frequent lightning with many close hits. Damage observed was numerous downed trees and some damage to homes. Power was knocked out. Conditions producing the storms were a dryline boundary, strong upper trough, strong low-pressure system, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Kia Rio was used to chase the storms. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

33). May 30, 4:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm to the west of Lincoln, Illinois near Interstates 55 and 155 in Logan county. The storm was an HP / Classic supercell thunderstorm and a large, rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm. The main precipitation core was not penetrated, but winds near 60-MPH, heavy rains, small hail, and very frequent lightning (with many close hits) was observed. The storm produced some small funnels on its updraft side / wall cloud. Conditions producing the storms were a pre-frontal trough, strong upper trough, stalled outflow boundary, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Kia Rio was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

34). May 30, 5:30 PM - Observation of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Berlin, Illinois near Interstate 72 in Sangamon county (west of Springfield). The storm was an HP / Classic supercell thunderstorm. A rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm with several funnels. The main precipitation core was not penetrated. Very frequent lightning (with many close hits) was observed with this severe storm. Conditions producing the storms were a pre-frontal trough, strong upper trough, stalled outflow boundary, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Kia Rio was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

35). May 30, 6:00 PM - Observation of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Berlin, Illinois near Interstate 72 in Sangamon county to Highway 4 in western sections of Springfield. The storm was an HP / Classic supercell thunderstorm. A rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm with several funnels. The main precipitation core was not penetrated, but 60-70 MPH (RFD) winds were observed, along with heavy rains, small hail, and Very frequent lightning with some close hits. A weak tornadic circulation was observed with this storm near Highway 4. Minor damage (trees / signs) was noted. Conditions producing the storms were a pre-frontal trough, strong upper trough, stalled outflow boundary, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Kia Rio was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

36). May 30, 7:30 PM - Observation and direct penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Jacksonville, Illinois south of Interstate 72 in Morgan county to near Waverly, Illinois by Highway 104. The storm was an HP / Classic supercell thunderstorm. A rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm, and a large rotating lowering (possible developing tornado) was observed off Highway 67 south of Jacksonville. The storm had very frequent lightning with many close hits, torrential rains, hail up to golf ball-sized, and winds gusting over 70-MPH. Conditions producing the storms were a pre-frontal trough, strong upper trough, stalled outflow boundary, and surface heating. Documentation was still digital pictures and HD video. A 2008 Kia Rio was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

37). June 22, 3:00 PM - Penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Pulawski County, Indiana near Highway 10 and Winamac. The storm was a small supercell storm developing at the southern end of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The thunderstorm contained very heavy rain, large hail to the size of golf-balls, winds gusting near 60-MPH, and frequent lightning. The larger hail covered the ground at times, and downed tree limbs were noted in the street. Conditions causing the storms were an upper trough, surface heating, weak surface trough, and lake-breeze boundary (from Lake Michigan to the north). Documentation was still digital pictures and a camcorder. A 2007 Chrysler Sebring (rental) was used in this storm chase. A best friend (curious about storm chasing and living in Chicago) accompanied me on this storm chase.

38). Aug 14, 4:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm from near Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida near the Palmetto Expressway. The storm was associated with a cluster of multicell storms, some severe. One cell produced a funnel cloud and possible tornado. A rotating wall cloud / funnel was noted with this storm. This was an observation, and the storm core was not intercepted. The storm also produced frequent lightning. Conditions causing the storms were an upper trough, surface heating, and sea-breeze activity. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

39). Aug 19, 1-9 AM - Observation, interception, and penetration of strong tropical storm "Fay" in southwest Florida (Collier County) from near Marco Island through Everglades City. The storm was a strong tropical storm, which was moving northward from Cuba and the Caribbean that made at least 3 landfalls in Florida. The storm had sustained winds of 60-65 MPH during this landfall near Everglades City, Florida. The storm made landfall in this area just before sunrise, and winds gusting over 60-MPH was observed with this storm, along with torrential rains and frequent lightning. A storm surge was observed in Everglades city, as well as the calm center of the storm (eye-like feature) just northwest of that are along Highway 41. Damage observed was mainly downed trees and signs, severe flooding, and power outages. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A hurricane watch and tropical storm warning were in place for this area, along with a tornado watch, valid until 8 AM EDT.

40). Aug 31, 8 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Vacherie, Louisiana from along highway 20 in the Saint James Parish. The storm was a small tropical-cyclone "mini supercell" storm developing along an outer feeder band from hurricane Gustav, which was about 150 miles to the southeast of the location at the time. The storm produced brief strong winds and occasional lightning, but was not penetrated. A funnel cloud / possible brief tornado was observed with this storm from a distance of about 10 miles. No damage was encountered. Conditions causing the storms were an unstable air-mass, approaching low-level shear (right-front quadrant of tropical cyclone), and a region of convergence (feeder band). A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and a camcorder.

41). Sept 1, ALL-DAY - Observation, interception, and penetration of a strong category two (border-line category 3) hurricane "Gustav" in southwestern Louisiana south of Interstate 10 from the Terrabonne Parishes, then eastward as far as Gulfport, Mississippi. Hurricane Gustav was a moderate hurricane with winds of 110-MPH at landfall in Louisiana (just shy of major hurricane strength). The storm core and eye was also intercepted, as well as the right-front quadrant of the eyewall. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, some violent (sideways and torrential) and very strong winds (gusting over 100-MPH). The observation was made inland from the Gulf of Mexico (for safety), but a later observation (east of the storm) near Gulfport revealed extensive flooding and storm surge, which was as high as 10-15 feet. Extensive damage was observed to homes, signs, and businesses - especially mobile homes, where roofs were torn off - Near Houma, Louisiana. Street flooding was also severe, and many downed trees, power lines, and debris made some roads impassable. The calm eye was encountered, and a central pressure of 959 MB was measured while inside the eye, with a bright (mostly cloudy) sky overhead. Damage totaled over 8 billion dollars and 153 fatalities. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills, a camcorder, audio, and HD video. A hurricane warning and tornado watch was valid for the area the chase took place in for most of the time. Two chase partners of mine accompanied me on this chase.

42). Sept 12-13, ALL - Observation, interception, and penetration of a strong category two (border-line category 3) hurricane "Ike" in southeastern coastal Texas in Galveston Island (also Galveston County). Hurricane Ike was a moderate, but exceptionally large hurricane with winds of 110-MPH at landfall in Galveston, Texas (just shy of major hurricane strength). The storm core and eye was also intercepted, as well as the forward-right side of the eyewall. Conditions encountered were violent (sideways and torrential) rains and very strong winds (gusting near 110-MPH). A storm surge of at least 15 feet (with waves at least 20 feet on top) affected the entire island. Complete destruction was noted to anything along or near the coast. Wind damage was also observed inland, and included downed trees and power poles, some roofs torn off homes, and structural damage. Flooding was severe, even a mile inland, and cars were observed floating in a parking garage just before landfall and arrival of the calm eye, which was between 2 to 3 AM CDT. The calm eye was experienced, with moonlight shining through breaks in the clouds and light fog at the surface. The 40-50 mile-wide eye lasted for quite a while, and a pressure of 955 MB was measured in the eye (952 MB was official at landfall according to NHC). Numerous fires were observed before, during, and after the passage of hurricane Ike, one which consumed a row of homes in about an hour's time. An impressive pile-up of boats, debris, and marine vessels were strewn across the I-45 causeway after the storm. Some dramatic rescues were also documented because at least 25% of the people in Galveston failed to evacuate. A 2008 Chrysler PT Cruiser (rental) was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills, a camcorder, audio, and HD video. A hurricane warning and tornado watch was valid for the area the chase took place in for most of the time. One chase partner of mine accompanied me on this chase. Damage totals were 38 billion dollars with 214 people killed (many of which were never recovered).

Summary - This concludes the 2008 chase season. The summary includes a total of 42 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 33 severe thunderstorms, 2 strong thunderstorms, at least 29 tornadoes / funnels, 2 hurricanes, one tropical storm, and 2 winter coastal observations (Great Lakes) were done. In addition to chasing in Florida, a considerable amount of chasing was done in the central United States (Midwest) this year. A 2007 Ford Focus was used in 14 chases, a 2008 Kia rental in 2, a 2008 Dodge Calibre in 3, a 2007 Chrysler Sebring in one, a 2007 Dodge Calibre rental in one, a 2007 Chevy HHR rental in 14, a 2007 Kia Rio rental in 6, and a 2008 Chrysler PT Cruiser rental in one chase.

2). May 24, 12:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm in central sections of southern Broward and northern Dade Counties in Florida along Highway 27. The storm was a small supercell-like thunderstorm developing along an outflow-boundary and tornado-warned (radar indicated). No tornado was observed with this storm, but a wall-cloud and rotating rain-free base was found near the SW quadrant of the storm cell. The severe storm core was not intercepted directly, but contained hail up to ¾". Maximum winds encountered were near 30 MPH with occasional heavy rains. A low-pressure trough, boundary-interactions, and surface heating was responsible for the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

3). May 24, 1:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm in west-central sections of Palm Beach County in Florida along Highway 27. The storm was a small supercell-like thunderstorm developing along an outflow-boundary moving to the NW. A small but rather impressive rotating wall-cloud was noted with this storm cell. The storm core was not penetrated. Maximum winds encountered were near 30 MPH with occasional heavy rains. A low-pressure trough, boundary-interactions, and surface heating was responsible for the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

4). May 25, 3:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in central sections of Broward County in Florida along Highway 27 and southeastward to near Interstate 75. The storm was a severe thunderstorm associated with a cluster of strong and severe storms. Winds exceeding 60 MPH, torrential rains, hail up to ¾", and frequent lightning were observed near the core of this storm (which later contained hail up to golf ball sized). Some funnel clouds were also observed with the updraft portions of this storm. The storm caused some minor wind damage and flooding. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze / boundary-interactions, and surface heating were responsible for the storms. A guest accompanied me on this intercept. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

5). May 26, 3:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in western sections of Miami-Dade County in Florida just west of the Palmetto Expressway and north of Doral. The storm was a severe thunderstorm associated with a cluster of strong and severe storms, and featured a low, rotating base, wall cloud, and some HP supercell characteristics before gusting out. Funnel clouds were observed under the rotating wall cloud on the forward-flank meso associated with the updraft-phase of the severe storm. The core, containing hail to 1", was not penetrated. Frequent lightning, 50-MPH winds, and heavy rains were encountered with this storm. The storm caused some minor wind damage and major street flooding along the Palmetto Expressway (Highway 826). A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze / boundary-interactions, and surface heating were responsible for the storms. Documentation was digital stills and digital video. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

6). May 27, 1:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in central sections of Miami-Dade County in Florida just south of Highway 836 near Coral Gables. The storm was a severe thunderstorm associated with a cluster of strong and severe storms. Frequent lightning, 50-MPH winds, heavy rains, and small hail were encountered with this storm. The storm caused some minor wind damage and street flooding. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze / boundary-interactions, and surface heating were responsible for the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

7). May 27, 1:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of another strong to severe thunderstorm in central sections of Miami-Dade County in Florida just east of the Palmetto Expressway (Highway 826) near Miami International Airport and NW 25th street / NW 75 Avenue. The storm was a severe thunderstorm associated with a cluster of strong and severe storms. Frequent lightning, 50-MPH winds, heavy rains, and small hail were encountered with this storm. The storm caused some minor wind damage and street flooding. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze / boundary-interactions, and surface heating were responsible for the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

8). June 5, 5:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm over Goshen County, Wyoming and near La Grange. The storm was a violent classic / cyclic supercell that produced a large tornado that was on the ground for nearly 30 Minutes. This supercell storm was observed from a distance ranging from 5 to 25 miles, and the large tornado was visible from as far as Highway 71 south of Harrisburg (Banner County, Nebraska). The tornado did not affect populated areas, and was a large cone tornado with a rope-out stage observed at distance. The core of the storm was not penetrated, and contained winds gusting over 60-MPH, frequent lightning, and hail reported to 4.5 inches (slightly larger than a grapefruit). Conditions producing the storms were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a dryline and boundary (triple point) interactions, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A 2009 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM MDT.

9). June 5, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of another extremely severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from southeast of Harrisburg in Banner County, Nebraska from near Highway 71 then again to the east in Morill and Cheyenne counties from Bridgeport to southwest of Lisco. This storm was initially a classic supercell storm that produced two large funnels southeast of Harrisburg. The storm also produced hail up to baseball sized at this point. Golf ball sized hail was observed at my location. The storm was abandoned as it moved east due to poor roads and picked up again near Dalton along highway 385. At this point, a very large wall cloud was observed with strong rotation and numerous funnels. This could quite possibly have been a broad, weak tornado (EF-0 / EF-1). The storm evolved to HP supercell with a very striking visual appearance / vault southwest of Lisco. Poor roads and isolated hail to baseball-sized warranted another hasty retreat. Heavy rains and 60 MPH winds were also encountered, along with frequent lightning. The worst part of the storm core was not penetrated, and contained 4" (softball sized) hail. Conditions producing the storms were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a dryline and boundary (triple point) interactions, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A 2009 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM MDT.

10). June 7, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm along and near the Kansas / Nebraska border / Highway 99 from near Summerfield, Kansas in Marshall County and eastward towards Du Bois, Nebraska near Highways 8 and 50 in Pawnee County. The storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm that was observed from initiation west of Summerfield and followed to its point of weakening to an LP storm (due to its inflow being cut-off from another supercell to the SE). The storm came very close to producing a tornado with excellent rotation and rain wrap during its most intense phase. An unconfirmed report of a tornado was associated with this storm, but only a rapidly rotating wall cloud was observed south of Humboldt. The storm had hail up to softball-sized (4"), but the core was avoided and not penetrated. Winds near 40 MPH (inflow / outflow) were observed along with moderate rain, small hail, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Conditions producing the storms were surface heating, intersecting boundaries (triple point), low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A 2009 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

11). June 7, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of another extremely severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Falls City, Nebraska in Richardson County, across the Missouri River through Oregon, Missouri along Highway 159 / 59, and into Daviess County near Altamonte, MO and Interstate 35. This dangerous classic to HP supercell storm developed southeast of the original supercell storm earlier in Marshall County, KS and had little "competition" from nearby storms (southernmost "Tail-End Charley" cell). The storm core, near Oregon, Missouri, consistently was producing incredible hail approaching, if not exceeding 5" (one chaser report was 5.25")! Hail at least grapefruit sized was observed on the backside of the storm passing through Oregon, with the VORTEX II teams / other chasers creating a massive chaser caravan. The storm produced many rapidly rotating wall clouds / funnels with a powerful (60 MPH+) RFD. Of course, the core was not penetrated, but still winds to 60 MPH, frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and large hail (largest observed falling was quarter sized as the storm weakened later). A large funnel / possible brief tornado was observed with this storm near Maysville in DeKalb County from near Highway 6. Conditions producing the storms were surface heating, intersecting boundaries (triple point), low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A 2009 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

12). June 7, 10:30 PM - Observation and direct penetration of a very severe, tornadic thunderstorm from near Clinton and DeKalb counties in Missouri, near and west of I-35 and south of Cameron and Osborne. The storm was an HP supercell storm, and hail up to golf ball-sized (with isolated pieces to half-dollar) as 1.5" to 2" was encountered with 60-70 MPH winds, torrential rains, and continuous lightning with numerous close hits. A wind shift from strong easterly to strong westerly was encountered when exiting the storm core to the south (mesocyclone). Once clear of precipitation, the storm updraft region was observed from the south at a distance of 5 miles or so, illuminated by the frequent lightning. A large wall cloud, and subsequently, a large silhouette of a tornado became visible for several minutes. Spotter reports confirmed this, putting the tornado in southern DeKalb County over open farmland. The storm weakened and evolved to multicell afterwards. Conditions producing the storms were surface heating, outflow boundary interactions, low pressure area, and upper trough / jet stream aloft. Documentation was still digital photos, audio, and HD video. A 2009 Chevy HHR was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

13). June 14, 4:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm in Broward County, Florida just south of Interstate 575 in Davie near University and Pine-Island road. The storm was a severe thunderstorm associated with a multi-cell cluster of strong thunderstorms. Frequent lightning with some close hits, 50 to 60-MPH winds, heavy rains, and small hail were encountered with this storm. The storm caused some tree damage, power outages, and street flooding. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze / boundary-interactions, and surface heating were responsible for the storms. A guest accompanied me on this impromptu intercept. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

14). June 18, 7:00 PM - Observation and direct penetration of a severe thunderstorm in west-central sections of Palm Beach County in Florida along Highway 27 between Belle Glade and the Palm Beach County line. The storm was within a multicell cluster / line segment of strong and severe thunderstorms propagating southward across Florida. Winds encountered were 60 to 70-MPH with torrential rains, hail up to dime sized, and frequent lightning with close hits. Some funnel clouds were also noted with the updraft regions of the storm. A low-pressure trough, boundary-interactions, and surface heating was responsible for the storms. Documentation was digital stills and digital video. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 7 PM EDT.

15). June 27, 2:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm in eastern Glades County near Highway 98 and east of La Belle, Florida. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms. Winds encountered were near 45 MPH with heavy rains and frequent lightning. Surface heating, sea / lake breeze boundary-interactions were responsible for the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

16). July 17, 8:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in central sections of Broward County in Florida along Interstate 75 and near Griffith Road. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of thunderstorms. The core of the severe cell was not penetrated, and 45 MPH winds, very frequent lightning, and heavy rains were observed on the western fringes of the storm. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze activity, and surface heating was responsible for the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

17). July 18, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Broward County in Florida east of Interstate 75 and south of Sunrise Boulevard near Sunrise / Plantation. The storm was part of a multicell cluster / line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were 60 to 70 MPH wind gusts, hail up to ½" (dime sized), torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm caused street flooding, some tree damage, and knocked out power in some places. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze activity (boundary interactions), and surface heating was responsible for the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

18). July 20, 1:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Miami-Dade County in Florida east of the Palmetto Expressway and south of SW 8th Street. The storm was part of a multicell cluster / line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were 60 to 70 MPH wind gusts, hail up to ½" (dime sized), torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm caused street flooding, some tree / sign damage, and knocked out power in some places. A low-pressure trough, sea-breeze activity (boundary interactions), and surface heating was responsible for the storms. A 2007 Ford Focus was used to chase the storms.

19). July 26, 12:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Mississauga, Ontario (Canada) south of Highway 401. The storm was part of a squall line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were 40 MPH wind gusts, hail pea to dime sized, heavy rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm caused street flooding, and knocked out power in some places. A low-pressure trough, cold front, and cold air / strong winds (jet stream) aloft were responsible for the storms. A large funnel cloud (half-way to the ground) was also observed on the southern side of one of these storm cells near Pearson International Airport (YTC). A 2009 Suzuki Maruti was used to chase the storms.

20). Sept 30, 6:30 PM - External observation of a severe thunderstorm near and east of Dodge City, Kansas from Kiowa to Pratt County. The storm was a high-based supercell storm developing ahead of the dryline and on an impinging moisture axis. The storm lasted for about 2 hours, and weakened afterwards. The storm core had hail to at least quarter sized, heavy rains, and frequent lightning. The storm core was not penetrated, but the storm was observed from about 50 miles distance during peak intensity. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure area, dryline, surface heating, upper trough / jet stream aloft, and convergence area. A 2008 PT Cruiser (Rental) was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

21). Oct 1, 5:30 PM - Interception and penetration of severe thunderstorms in Barry County, Missouri near and north of Casseville. The storms were part of a line of strong and severe thunderstorms, and contained frequent lightning, heavy rains, ¾" hail, and winds gusting over 60-MPH. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure area, cold-front, surface heating, and an upper trough / jet stream aloft. A 2008 PT Cruiser (Rental) was used to chase the storm. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 7 PM CDT.

22). Oct 23, ALL-DAY - Observation of high winds and coastal effects along the shore of Lake Ontario from south of Mississauga, Ontario (Canada) and westward to near Oakville / Burlington. The conditions were 30 to 40 MPH (sustained) winds from the east and air temperatures of 45 degrees F with light rain. This was ahead of a strong low pressure system to the southwest of the area, with a high pressure area to the northeast. Waved from 4 to 8 feet were observed along the shore of Lake Ontario with some over wash. A 2008 Hyundai Excel was used to observed the conditions. Documentation was digital stills and digital video.

23). Dec 18, 11:00 AM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm in Miami-Dade County in Florida near Kendall and the junction of US Highway 1and the Palmetto Expressway. The storm was a small rotating (former supercell) storm embedded in a cluster of showers and thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were winds near 50 MPH, heavy rains, and occasional lightning. A small wall cloud was observed on a ragged rain-free base on the southern side of this cell. The cell produced a tornado earlier when it was over Homestead (about 10 to 15 miles south of the position observed). The tornado was not observed. A low-pressure system, upper trough, warm-front / convergence area was responsible for the storms. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos. A tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 1 PM EST.

Summary - This concludes the 2009 chase season. The summary includes a total of 23 chases or observations. Out of these chases, there were 19 severe thunderstorms, 3 strong thunderstorms, 2 confirmed tornadoes, and 3 funnels observed. Chases for this season were in Florida, in the central United States (Midwest), and even Canada, making for the first international storm interceptions. A 2007 Ford Focus was used in 13 chases (mainly in Florida). Rental vehicles were a 2009 Chevy HHR, used in 5 chases, a 2008 PT Cruiser in 2, and both a 2009 Suzuki Maruti and a 2008 Hyundai Excel used in the strong thunderstorm and coastal observation in Canada, respectively. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was also added and used in the last chase.

2). Feb 24, 2:30 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm in Palm County in Florida near along Highway 27 just north of the Broward / Palm Beach border. The storm was a small thunderstorm that contained a small low-level mesocyclone. The storm contained winds near 40-MPH, heavy rains, small hail, and occasional lightning. An approaching strong cold front, upper trough, and a pre-frontal convergence area were responsible for the storms. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the affected area until 8 PM EST.

3). Mar 29, 10:30 AM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorms moving offshore from near Miami Beach in Miami-Dade County, FL. The storms had some rotation (HP supercell) and a large wall-cloud / funnels were observed over the ocean from a distance of about 5 miles. The core of the storms were not reached / penetrated, but contained winds over 60 MPH. A line of thunderstorms with heavy rains and 40-50 MPH winds also pushed through after the first storms moved offshore. A low-pressure trough, upper trough, and a pre-frontal convergence area were responsible for the storms. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. These storms also caused numerous traffic accidents, some serious. A careless motorist rear-ended my vehicle after this chase causing minimal damage. Documentation was still digital photos. A tornado watch was also valid for the affected area until 11 AM EDT.

4). April 22, 3:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm between Guymon, Oklahoma and Liberal, Kansas from along Highway 54 (Near Hooker / Tyrone) mainly in Texas County, Oklahoma and Seward County, Kansas. The storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm, and produced at least one weak tornado during its observed life-cycle of a couple of hours. A possible view of the brief tornado was made from a distance of about 5 miles. The storm core was not penetrated, but winds (inflow) of about 35 MPH were experienced, along with frequent lightning. The storm core also had hail at least golf ball sized. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline / frontal boundary interaction (triple point), surface heating, a low pressure area, and strong winds (divergence) aloft / wind shear. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

5). April 22, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe thunderstorm near Perryton, Texas in Ochiltree County from along Highway 83. The storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm with a possible tornado (not directly observed). The main core of the storm (also with 60 MPH+ winds and frequent lightning) was not penetrated, however, a region of large hail (1") covering the ground was encountered with inflow winds to near 50 MPH roughly 5 miles from the storm core (hail was falling from storm anvil). Conditions causing the storm were a dryline / frontal boundary interaction (triple point), surface heating, a low pressure area, and strong winds (divergence) aloft / wind shear. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

6). April 23, 4:00 PM - Observation of an very severe thunderstorm near Perryville, Arkansas in Perry County near Highways 9 and 10. The storm was a multicell storm cluster with an embedded and intense HP supercell. The storm was also tornado warned (radar indicated). The of this storm was not penetrated, but the chase path came across hail fig and a hail accumulation on the ground behind the storm near Harris Brake reservoir. The storm core contained winds to about 60 MPH and hail up to 1". The storm was followed to near I-40 and the town of Morrilton (where tornado sirens were activated). Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low strong pressure area, and strong winds / cold air aloft. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

7). April 23, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Lonoke, Arkansas in Lonoke County along and near Highway 70. The storm was a multicell storm and contained winds near 60 MPH, small hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low strong pressure area, and strong winds / cold air aloft. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

8). April 23, 9:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Prescott, Arkansas in Nevada County along and near Interstate 30 and southward along Highway 371 (eventually to near Stamps). The storm was a supercell storm (possibly tornadic) and contained winds over 70 MPH, large hail to about 1", torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The tornado (if any) was not observed once in the rain-free region of the storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low strong pressure area, and strong winds / cold air aloft. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 3 AM CDT the next day.

9). April 24, 4:30 AM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm at a motel off exit 223 off Interstate 30 in Texarkana, Arkansas in miller County. The storm was an intense multicell storm that pushed through the area, and the observation was made right at where I was staying for the night. Winds over 60 MPH, hail up to 1", some covering the ground and entering the room of the motel when the door was opened, torrential rains, and very frequent lightning with close hits. Conditions causing the storm were surface convergence, an approaching area of strong low pressure, and strong winds / cold air aloft in a highly sheared environment. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 AM CDT.

10). April 24, 11:30 AM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm from northwest of, and to near Yazoo City, Mississippi in Yazoo County from highways 49 and 61 with the chase coming to an end near Highways 49 and 16. This storm was a violent, and long-track HP supercell storm that originated in northeastern Louisiana, crossed the ENTIRE state of Mississippi, then weakened in western Alabama. The storm was also a very fast-moving storm, so getting in front of the storm was difficult. The storm core had large hail and very strong winds. The most tragic aspect of this supercell was the large long-track tornado it produced, with nearly a 150-mile long path, and a width of 1.75 miles! A brief view of this tornado, although rain-wrapped, was encountered in the storm core, about 3-5 miles northwest of Yazoo City. Tress / other small debris was also noted falling OUT of the sky in this area. A path was chosen to divert to the northeast and around the storm because of the danger, coming back around to 49 and heading south into Yazoo City. Winds at least 70-75 MPH were encountered in this area, from the east and southeast. The damage path was encountered behind the storm, still in strong winds and rain, and much of the area south of town, near Highway 49 and 16, had catastrophic EF-4 tornado damage. The chase had to be aborted to help with clearing roads / assisting emergency personnel in Yazoo City. The storm continued to the NE out of sight thereafter, as I was helping with the victims of the storm. Unfortunately, 4 people were killed in Yazoo city, so this is NOT a happy chase log. Conditions causing the storm were surface convergence, an approaching area of strong low pressure, and strong winds / cold air aloft in a highly sheared environment (divergence aloft and strong veering of winds with height). Helicity in this area was also a staggering 1000 with CAPE near 3,000 (and EHI of near 19)! A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills HD video of the damage / emergency efforts. A PDS tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 1 PM CDT (and extended to 8 PM CDT).

11). May 6, 3:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Davie and Hollywood in Broward County, Florida near Sheridan Road and University Drive. The storm was a small multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms developing along the sea breeze boundary. Conditions encountered were winds near (or exceeding) 50-MPH, small hail (pea to half-inch), torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm was caused by an upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze / boundary interactions. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and video.

12). May 10, 4:30 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm in Grant County, Oklahoma from near Highway 81 and the town of Renfrow. The storm was a classic supercell thunderstorm that evolved to a violent HP storm that produced at least two tornadoes, both multi-vortex in nature, and one a wedge tornado west of Renfrow, Oklahoma. Both tornadoes were observed, one (near Wakita, Oklahoma) from a distance, and the multi-vortex / wedge from a few miles directly in its path. Large hail was also observed falling from the anvil of the storm, up to 1", with 50-60 MPH inflow winds. The main core of the storm was not penetrated. Light rain and frequent lightning was also noted with the supercell. Damage was anywhere from downed trees to major damage to homes in the tornados path, particularly near the town of Renfrow. The storms were caused by an intense (Colorado) low-pressure system, upper-level low, dryline and warm-front (triple-point) interactions, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storm. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

13). May 10, 6:30 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Osage County, Oklahoma from near Highway 60 and from Ponca City to near Pawhuska. The storm was a large classic supercell thunderstorm with multiple areas of rotation. An indirect penetration was executed across the storm core and rain hook, and into the rain-free (mesocyclone) of the storm. Hail up to 2" was observed, with very heavy rains, lightning, and 60-70 MPH wind gusts. A possible tornado, although rain wrapped but weak, was encountered west of Burbank, Oklahoma. Leaves / tree debris was also noted falling from the sky. Farther east, two tornadoes were observed, one at a distance, to the east near Pawhuska, and another closer to the north of Highway 60 near Shidler. Tree damage and downed power lines were encountered with this storm. The storms were caused by a strong low-pressure system, upper-level low, approaching dryline, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storm. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

14). May 10, 7:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Chautauqua County, Kansas from near Highway 99 and Highway 166 near the town of Sedan and eastward to southeast of Havana. The storm was a supercell storm, possibly formerly tornadic, evolving to an intense line segment as the dryline boundary surged in from the west. The storm had winds gusting near 60-65 MPH, torrential rains, lightning, and small hail. The storms were caused by a strong low-pressure system, upper-level low, dryline, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storm. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

15). May 11, 5:30 PM - Observation of a short-lived but severe thunderstorm southwest of Cordell, Oklahoma along Highway 55 and towards Carter in Beckham county. The storm was an LP supercell developing ahead of a dryline bulge. During its high point, it probably had dime-sized hail and strong inflow winds (over 35 MPH). The core of the storm was not penetrated. The strong capping inversion, and lack of substantial forcing to overcome it, caused the storm to quickly dissipate, leaving only an orphan anvil behind. The storm was caused by a dryline, upper trough, surface trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

16). May 11, 8:30 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm west of Vici, Oklahoma along Highway 60 in Ellis and Woodward counties. The storm was a supercell thunderstorm, starting out as classic (or even HP), and weakening to LP before dissipation. The core of the storm contained hail to 2", but was not penetrated. A tornado was observed in the rain-free area as well as a large RFD clear slot northwest of Harmon. Frequent lightning and 40+ MPH inflow winds were encountered as well. The storm had a very striking visual appearance (BWER "vault" and "barber pole" updraft striations) during its LP phase near dusk. The storm was explosively developing on the intersection of the dryline and warm-front boundaries, and was supported by strong winds aloft, an upper trough, a low pressure trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Forte was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

17). May 12, 4:30 PM - Observation of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Kingman, Kansas in Kingman County near Highways 400 / 54 and east of Highway 14. The storm was an HP supercell storm, developing in a broken line / cluster of severe storms. The core of the storm, containing hail up to 3" was not penetrated, but hail ahead of the storm to golf-ball size was observed. Heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, and frequent lightning were encountered. A large wall cloud was observed near Kingman before the storm became outflow dominant. The storm was caused by a low pressure system / trough, upper trough, surface heating, and a frontal boundary / gravity-wave interaction. Documentation was still photos and HD video. The chase vehicle was a 2009 Kia Forte. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

18). May 12, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of another very severe thunderstorm near Spivey, Kansas in Kingman County near Highways 42 and 14. The storm was an HP supercell storm, embedded in a broken line / cluster of severe storms. The storm was indirectly penetrated, and a wall cloud / large rain-free base were observed. The storm quickly became outflow dominant, and produced winds to 70 MPH (blowing dust / gustnadoes were observed ahead of the storm gust front). Small hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits were also observed. The storm was caused by a low pressure system / trough, upper trough, surface heating, and a frontal boundary. Documentation was still photos and HD video. The chase vehicle was a 2009 Kia Forte. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

19). May 12, 11:30 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm from a hotel along Interstate 29 and just east / south of Interstate 435 in the northern sections of Kansas City, Missouri in Platte County. This severe storm was observed from a motel while wrapping up the chase trip, and was an intense blow / squall line segment. Winds over 70 MPH with sideways torrential rains, small hail, and frequent lightning with some close hits were observed. A Mc Donald’s sign was damaged across the parking lot during the storm. The storm was caused by a cold front and attendant low-pressure system, upper level low, and warm air advection (low-level jet aloft). Documentation was HD video. A 2009 Kia Forte was used in this storm chase. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT.

20). May 19, 3:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from its point of initiation in Roger Mills County, Oklahoma from northwest of Leedey to its demise well to the east of Guthrie in Lincoln County near Tryon. The chase track was generally along Highways 33, 270, and 105. The storm was a supercell thunderstorm that started out as a classic supercell which evolved to HP. Three tornadoes were observed with this supercell, the first one, and the most visible, from near Leedey, another near Eagle City, and another from near Kingfisher to west of Guthrie. The storm came very close to producing a tornado in Guthrie, but only had a rapidly rotating wall cloud there. The two latter tornadoes of the three were rain wrapped during the storms HP stages. The storm also contained hail to baseball sized (or larger), torrential rains, 70-MPH winds, and frequent lightning. The storm core was not directly penetrated, so hail to quarter sized, heavy rains, and winds around 60 MPH were encountered. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure system, upper trough, dryline / boundary interactions, and surface heating. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

21). May 20, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Fairfield, Texas in Freestone County and between north of highway 84 and south of 287. This storm was an HP supercell storm, and its main core, containing baseball-sized hail, was not penetrated. Winds gusting near 60-MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, and hail to quarter sized was encountered. A large rotating wall cloud was observed on the inflow side of the storm with an RFD feature as well. The storm was caused by the interaction of an outflow boundary and stalled cold front, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

22). May 20, 5:30 PM - Observation and penetration of another very severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Wortham, Texas in Freestone and Navarro Counties west of I-45 and along Highway 14. This storm was an HP supercell storm, and its main core, containing at least golf ball-sized hail, was indirectly penetrated. Winds gusting near 60-MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and hail to quarter sized (about 1") was encountered. A large rotating wall cloud was observed on the inflow side of the storm with an RFD / rain hook feature as well. The storm was caused by the interaction of an outflow boundary and stalled cold front, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

23). May 22, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm in Edmunds County, South Dakota from near Lowry and through Bowdle and to just west of Aberdeen along Highway 12 and points north. This storm was a violent cyclic supercell, starting out as a classic supercell, then evolving to HP during its later stages. At LEAST six tornadoes were produced and observed with this storm, all of them significant. One possibly violent tornado was observed near Bowdle, causing significant damage (if not - total devastation) of some farmsteads north of the town. Transmission power lines and a radio tower were also destroyed. This tornado was a mile-wide wedge tornado, and was observed from close proximity, with inflow / RFD winds approaching 100 MPH (or more). The storm also acquired the "stacked plates" structure during its early HP stages, with the appearance of an "upside-down wedding cake" at times, with a tornado still on the ground. The backside of the storms core was observed, with winds well over 75-MPH, baseball sized hail, lightning, and torrential rains were encountered (I had to seek shelter behind a farmer's shed). The other tornadoes produced by this storm were cones and stove-pipe type tornadoes. The storm was caused by the interaction of a warm front / boundary, dryline / confluence axis, surface heating, low-pressure area, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 1 AM CDT (the following day).

24). May 23, 5:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm south of Oberlin, Kansas in Decatur County along Highway 83. The storm was part of a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms, and was penetrated in order to reach other more severe storms / supercells to the south. The largest hail associated with this storm was observed to the east of the chase track, with an impressive hail-shaft visible. Conditions observed were 60 to 70 MPH winds, hail up to 1", frequent lightning, and torrential rains. Conditions causing the storms were moisture convergence, a developing low pressure area, dryline to the west and warm-front to the north, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

25). May 23, 7:30 PM - Observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm north of Oakley, Kansas from Highway 83 in Thomas County. The storm was an HP supercell storm, and its core was allowed to pass to the west. A large truncated cone tornado was noted on the rain-free base of the storm, which evolved to a smaller tornado before lifting in about 5 minutes. The tornado was observed at a distance of at least 10 miles, but well visible and a report was called in for it to the NWS. The storm core contained hail to about 2" (not penetrated) and frequent lightning was observed as well. Conditions causing the storms were moisture convergence, a developing low pressure area, dryline to the west and warm-front to the north, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

26). May 23, 9:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from southwest of Atwood, Kansas and along Highway 36 in Rawlins County to near Bird City. The storm was another HP supercell storm, also observed from a distance, and two tornadoes were observed in the darkness (illuminated by lightning) from a distance (10 miles or so). One was briefly visible southwest of Atwood and another north of Bird City. The core was avoided but probably contained very large hail. The storm also had an impressive "barber pole" updraft when viewed from the south near Bird City. The storm also was producing nearly continuous lightning (CC and CG). Conditions causing the storms were moisture convergence, a developing low pressure area, dryline to the west and warm-front to the north, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

27). May 24, 4:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm along Highway 385 and north of Hemingford, Nebraska in Box Butte County. The storm was an intense cell embedded in a multicell line of storms. Hail to nickel-sized, torrential rains, frequent lightning, and winds gusting over 80-MPH were encountered with this storm. Tree damage was also observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were a strong cold front, low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper level low pressure area. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM MDT.

28). May 24, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of another very severe thunderstorm from south of Hay Springs near Highway 87 in Box Butte County, Nebraska and eventually north and eastward along Highways 391 and 18 into South Dakota and to as far as Mission, South Dakota. The storm was a multicell line of severe thunderstorms, in which en embedded HP supercell storm was observed early on before evolution to a derecho-like outflow dominant MCS. Hail, torrential rains, lightning, and winds gusting to near 90-MPH were observed with these storms. The strong winds kicked up a lot of dust, and pebbles were blown into my chase vehicle at one point. Some tree and sign damage was also noted. Conditions causing the storms were a strong cold front, low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper level low pressure area. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM MDT.

29). May 25, 4:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm just west of Johnson City, Kansas and into Colorado just west of the border along Highways 160 / 89. This was in Baca County in Colorado and Stanton County in Kansas. The storm was a small supercell storm which produced a wall cloud and funnel during its high-point. The storm also contained large hail, gusty winds, and very heavy rains. The core was not directly penetrated, so only small hail was observed. Conditions causing the storms were a stationary front / outflow boundary, approaching dryline, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

30). May 25, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from just west of Towner, Colorado in Kiowa County and into Kansas near Tribune and as far as Scott City in Scott County. This cyclic supercell storm was observed from near Highway 96 in Towner and Tribune and also along county roads north of Highway 96. In Sheridan Lake County, Colorado, the developing supercell storm produced at LEAST five land-spout type tornadoes. The storm became a very powerful cyclic supercell storm, and had a large rotating wall cloud when it was west of Towner. Hail at least 2" was also observed north of Highway 96, which completely covered the ground in some places. The storm split, and the main portion continued eastward near Tribune, Kansas, where two more tornadoes were observed. More large hail and high winds were encountered north of Scott City hear Highways 96 and 83. Largest hail observed falling was up to 2" (half dollar sized). The storm also contained frequent lightning and strong winds (near 65-MPH). Hail fog was observed with the hail falls that covered the ground. The storm also produced some spectacular wall clouds, one of them touching the ground! Conditions causing the storms were a stationary front / outflow boundary, approaching dryline (with a triple-point to the stationary boundary), surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

31). May 26, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Weld / Morgan Counties in northeastern Colorado from south of Interstate 76 near Bennett and east to near Wiggins and Highway 52. The storm was an LP and / or classic supercell thunderstorm. The storm core was not directly penetrated, yet hail up to 2" was observed falling on the edge of the storm core, with an impressive RFD. A brief weak tornado was also observed with the storm near Prospect Valley. The storm had also had the impressive "stacked plates" and striations on the updraft, with a very striking visual appearance during its intense stages. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow (lee trough), and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM MDT.

32). May 29, 7:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms near Highway 2 from near Hyannis to Thedford, Nebraska in Grant and Hooker counties. The severe storms were part of a multicell cluster of storms. The core of the most intense storm was not directly penetrated (contained hail to near 2"), but frequent lightning, heavy rains, 60-MPH winds, and hail to 1" was encountered. The storms began as a multicell cluster of storms (with embedded HP supercells), but quickly became outflow dominant. A funnel was observed on the southern side of the storm to the NE of Whitman, Nebraska. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a cold front, weak low pressure area, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

33). May 30, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from north of Nash, Oklahoma in Grant County and southeast into Garfield County near Kremlin near and along Highways 11, 64, and 81. The storm began as a supercell storm (classic) with a wall cloud, then transitioned to an outflow dominant multicell storm cluster of severe thunderstorms. Winds associated with these storms gusted over 70-MPH, with torrential rains, frequent lightning (with some close hits), and hail up to 3/4 inches. The storm core of the supercell was not directly penetrated, and contained hail to golf ball (1.75") in size. Some tree damage was also observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a slow-moving cold front, low pressure area, upper trough, and dryline / shear axis. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

34). May 30, 8:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of another very severe thunderstorm west of Crescent City, Oklahoma in Logan and Kingfisher Counties near Highway 33. The storm was a supercell storm (classic) with a rotating wall cloud with some brief funnels, and was the "tail-end Charley" southernmost storm in the multicell storm complex (MCS) farther north. The storm core of the supercell was not directly penetrated, but hail to about 1.25" was observed, along with heavy rains, 40-MPH winds, and frequent lightning (with numerous close hits). The main core had hail to tennis-ball sized, and the hail roar / clanking could be heard on the rear-flank of the storm. Conditions causing the storm was surface heating, a slow-moving cold front, low pressure area, upper trough, and dryline / shear axis. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Kia Optima was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

35). June 3, 4:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm over Hollywood, Florida in Broward County from near I-595 and southward along Flamingo Road. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The core of the storm was not penetrated. 40 MPH outflow winds were experienced on the western side of the late stages of the storm. A small funnel was also observed. The storm was caused by an upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze / boundary interactions. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

36). June 5, 6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Sunrise, Florida in Broward County from near I-595 and Nob Hill Road. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The core of the storm was not directly penetrated, but heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds near 45-MPH were experienced. Some tree damage was also noted. The storm was caused by an upper trough, surface heating, and sea breeze / boundary interactions. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

37). July 23, 9-11 AM - Observation of tropical storm Bonnie in Miami-Dade County coastal and inland areas in Florida. This tropical storm was a minimal tropical storm, with a poorly defined center, and maximum sustained winds of 40-MPH. The storm was observed near the coast at Miami Beach and its circulation center about 15 miles south of Miami and Kendall. Heavy rains, occasional lightning, and winds gusting to near 50-MPH were observed in this tropical system. The tropical storm developed from a tropical wave a day earlier over the SE Bahamas and the storm made landfall in extreme south FL as it moved to the west and northwest. An upper air low imparted shear on the NW part of the tropical system, causing it to remain a weak tropical storm. A calm and partly cloudy area with light winds was noted near the circulation center of the tropical storm. Damage was minimal, mainly small tree branches, and some street flooding was noted. Traffic and accidents made for an extremely frustrating chase, with travel times to Miami (from Fort Lauderdale) near TWO hours (a distance of about 20 miles)! Ocean waves in the 5-7 foot range and tides a foot or so above normal were observed near the beach. . A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A tropical storm warning was also valid for the area(s) observed.

38). Sept 19, ALL-DAY - Observation, interception, and penetration of a category one hurricane on the island of Bermuda from St George through Elbow Beach. The hurricane, hurricane "Igor", affected the island from September 19th through the 20th. The center of the storm, with a pressure of about 955 MB (strong for a category 1 storm), passed just to the west of the 14-mile wide island. The right-side of the storm affected the entire island of Bermuda, with high winds and waves. This chase required a flight from Florida to Bermuda and much of the chasing was done either on foot or by taxi cab! Igor was also an extremely large hurricane, with the gale-forced wind envelope alone over 850 miles wide. This exposed Bermuda to a very long period of hurricane conditions. Conditions observed were winds gusting over 85 MPH, heavy rains, and large and battering waves (some over 30 feet in height). Tides ranged from 3 to 8 feet above normal. Damage observed was mainly to trees and power lines, but numerous boats were damaged in the storm. Hurricane Igor was an oceanic hurricane that originated off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde, and crossed the Atlantic basin (at one point being a strong category-4 storm with winds up to 155-MPH). Igor weakened in the Canadian Maritimes on September 22 (the storm fully recurved at that point). No vehicle was involved in the interception, and the island of Bermuda was under a hurricane warning the entire time Igor was a threat.

39). Sept 29, 3:30 PM - Observation of a small funnel cloud and parent strong thunderstorm in Broward County, Florida near I-595 and Pine Island Road (near Plantation). The storm was a small strong thunderstorm with heavy rains and winds gusting near 35-MPH. A small funnel was observed on the eastern side of the storm updraft region, about 1/3 way to the ground. No damage was observed. The storm was a small storm developing in a convergence area ahead of a surface / upper trough with weakening Tropical Storm "Nicole" well to the southeast of the area. . A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A tropical storm warning was in effect earlier in the day, but was taken down as Nicole remained offshore and weakened into a low pressure trough.

Summary - This concludes the 2010 chase season. The summary includes a total of 39 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 33 severe thunderstorms, 3 strong thunderstorms, at least 30 confirmed tornadoes, one tropical storm, and a hurricane overseas. Chases were in Florida, in the central United States (Midwest), and in Bermuda (for the hurricane chase). A 2009 Ford Escape was used in 8 chases (mainly in Florida). Rental vehicles were a 2009 Kia Forte, used in 15 chases during two separate chase trips, as well as a 2009 Kia Optima rental used in 15 chases.

2). Jan 25, 6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Hardee and Highlands Counties, Florida from southwest of Sebring, Florida and Highway 27 and eastward along Highway 98. The storm began as a classic supercell thunderstorm, with a very impressive structure, rare for Florida, and evolved to HP during the latter part of its lifecycle. The storm initiated to the SW of Sebring, well ahead of a squall line to the west, and tracked across the state to the ENE then out to sea near Palm Bay before the squall line caught up with it. A large rotating wall cloud, impressive RFD clear slot, and possible tornado was observed from a distance with this storm east of Sebring in Highlands County before dark and poor road networks. The storm also produced frequent lightning, 60 MPH winds (RFD), and heavy rains. The core was not directly penetrated. Conditions causing the storms were a warm frontal boundary (oriented NW-SE), pre-frontal convergence area (oriented SSW-NNE), pre-frontal surface heating, and a strong upper trough / jet stream overhead. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was still photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM EST.

3). Jan 25, 9:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Palm Beach County, Florida near and to the south of South Bay along Highway 27. The storm was a portion of a squall line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, and winds gusting near 60 MPH were observed with the passage of the storm gust front. An approaching strong cold front, upper trough, and a pre-frontal convergence area were responsible for the storms. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM EST.

4). Mar 10, 12:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm from along Interstate 75 in Northeastern Miami-Dade / southeastern Broward Counties in south Florida. The storms were a multi-cell line of strong and severe storms passing through south Florida. Conditions encountered were strong winds to 60 MPH, heavy rains, and moderate lightning. Tree damage was observed with the passage of the squall line of strong and severe storms. The storms were caused by a strong cold front, surface heating, and low pressure trough. Documentation was still digital photos and digital video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used the chase the storms.

5). Mar 28, 6:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a strong thunderstorm in Broward / Miami-Dade Counties in Florida from near University Drive and Miramar Parkway and a bit southward to near Perry Airport and the Palmetto Expressway. The storm was a small "mini" supercell type storm. Conditions encountered were strong winds to neat 45 MPH, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning. A slowly rotating wall cloud was observed on the southern side of the storm (no funnels or tornadoes were spawned). The storms were caused by surface heating and low pressure trough. Documentation was still digital still photos. A 2009 Ford Escape was used the chase the storms.

6). April 24, 4:00 PM - Interception of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Baird and along Highway 283 and about 5 miles north of Interstate 20 in Callahan County, Texas. The storm was a classic / HP supercell tornadic storm moving northeast from near Abilene, Texas to near Moran. At least two tornadoes were observed with this storm. The first was a stove pipe / elephant trunk tornado observed at close range (less than 1 mile) from along Highway 283. This tornado lasted roughly 5 minutes, and weakened before hitting any roadways. The second tornado was from the left-split of the same supercell as it evolved to HP mode, and was basically a very large rotating mass / wall cloud observed near the intersection of 283 and farm road 576. The tornadoes occurred over open / rural country and did not affect any populated areas. The core of the supercell, with possible hail to 4" (grapefruit sized) was not penetrated, however, 70+ MPH winds (mainly RFD), hail to 1", torrential sheets of rain, and extremely frequent lightning with numerous close hits was encountered. The storm continued northeast towards Moran producing additional funnel clouds. The storms were caused by a stationary front, developing dryline, strong wind shear (strong winds aloft), surface heating, and a low pressure trough (surface low and trough aloft). A 2011 Hyundai Elantra was used to chase4 the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

7). April 24, 6:00 PM - Interception of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm northeast of Abilene and north of Interstate 20 (Clyde) in Callahan County, Texas. The storm was an intense tornadic HP supercell moving northeast from near Abilene and over open country. Another tornado was observed with this storm, with a rapidly rotating wall cloud and later a broad area of rotation with smaller vortices briefly touching the ground on the eastern flank of the storm. The core of the supercell, with at least baseball sized hail (2.5+") was not penetrated. Winds near 65 MPH, hail to 1", heavy rain, and frequent lightning was also observed with this storm. The storms were caused by a stationary front, developing dryline, strong wind shear (strong winds aloft), surface heating, and a low pressure trough (surface low and trough aloft). A 2011 Hyundai Elantra was used to chase4 the storms. Documentation was still digital photos and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

8). May 14, 4 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm in Glades County, Florida south of Highway 98 and west of Clewiston and southwest of Airglades Airport. The storm was a thunderstorm which exhibited supercell characteristics for a short time. The core of the storm was indirectly penetrated, and contained winds gusting over 30 MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, and small hail. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills.

9). May 19, 6 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm in central Broward / Palm Beach Counties and along Highway 27 in inland Florida. The storm was a cluster of strong and severe storms, and winds gusting over 50 MPH, frequent lightning, small hail, and very heavy rains were observed. A weakly rotating wall cloud was also observed with the updraft of this storm. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills.

10). May 21, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Murray and Ponotoc Counties, OK and northeast of Sulphur along Highways 7 and 1. The storm was a classic tornadic supercell thunderstorm, with a very impressive structure. At least 4 tornadoes were observed with this storm, ranging from rope to small stovepipe and eventually multi-vortex. The storm core, with hail to baseball sized, was not penetrated. No damage was found because the tornadoes affected very remote / rural areas. Other conditions encountered were winds gusting near 70-MPH (mainly RFD), heavy rains, occasional lightning, and some hail to golf ball-sized. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, wind shear (strong winds aloft changing direction with height), surface heating, and a dryline boundary ahead of a weak low pressure system. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

11). May 21, 9:30 PM - Observation of another extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm northwest of Ada in Ponotoc County, OK from near Highway 377. The storm was mainly observed from a distance (20 miles or so) with a very impressive storm structure (striated and tilted updraft). Closer to the storm, a large cone tornado was observed on the rear-flank side of the supercell from southeast of Ada, at a distance of about 10 miles in twilight. North of Ada, hail to 2" was observed on the edge of the storm core, causing the chase to be aborted and leaving two dents in the top of the vehicle. Other conditions observed were frequent lightning (the core was not directly penetrated) and 35 MPH winds. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, wind shear (strong winds aloft changing direction with height), surface heating, and a dryline boundary ahead of a weak low pressure system. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

12). May 22, 6:00 PM - Penetration and observation of an extremely violent and tornadic thunderstorm from near Parsons, Kansas in Labette County near Highways 59 and 160 and well to the southeast through Jasper County north of Joplin along Highway 96 and eastward along Interstate 44 through Chesapeake. This storm was a long track and violent HP supercell storm. The core of the storm was indirectly penetrated southeast of Parsons, KS and hail to golf ball sized was observed. The core had hail up to grapefruit sized. The same storm split and the right split became extremely intense, causing a violent (EF-5) tornado to affect Joplin, Missouri. The tornado was not directly observed, as the storm was approached from the backside, but the circulation was viewed briefly when it was west of Joplin. Debris was noted falling from the sky with 70+ MPH winds, golf ball sized hail, and torrential rains with frequent lightning. Damage in Joplin was very severe, including a destroyed hospital, numerous vehicles overturned, and many fatalities (at least 160 people killed). The storm was caused by a low pressure system, surface heating, a dryline boundary, and very strong wind shear in the atmosphere / jet stream aloft. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

13). May 23, 3:30 PM - Observation of a developing severe thunderstorm near the intersection of Highway 183 and Highway 33 north of Arapaho in Custer County, Oklahoma. The storm was an LP supercell storm and some funnel clouds (one ropelike and nearly a third way to the ground). Frequent lightning with a couple of close hits was also observed, but the storm core was not penetrated. The storm merged with a line of storms, so it was abandoned for more discrete supercells to the south (although this storm did eventually wind up producing a couple of small tornadoes). The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, wind shear, surface heating, and a dryline boundary ahead of a weak low pressure system. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

14). May 23, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm east of Highway 183 and near Highways 9 and 115 in Washita County, Oklahoma and near and southeast of the town of Gotebo. The storm was a classic supercell storm, with an extremely striking visual (stacked-plates) appearance. Hail up to 4" was observed with this storm, despite INDIRECTLY penetrating its core, which had hail even larger (the storm produced hail around 6 inches in diameter, and was confirmed as a new state record hail-size for Oklahoma)! The storm also had frequent lightning with close hits, inflow winds measured at least 40 MPH, heavy rains, and stronger winds in the core. A funnel cloud was also observed on the SW side of the supercell updraft. The storm later weakened near Carnegie and became outflow dominant. Hail damage was the most obvious affects of this storm, and my vehicle was not an exception (numerous roof dents and a cracked windshield from near baseball sized hail falling from the storm anvil). The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, wind shear, surface heating, and a dryline boundary ahead of a weak low pressure system. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

15). May 24, 4:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm southwest of Watonga, Oklahoma in Blaine County from near Highway 270. The storm was an HP supercell storm, with a large rotating wall cloud on its southern side. Some small funnels were noted before the storm was abandoned for a more intense one farther south. The core of this storm, containing hail to baseball sized, was not directly penetrated. Conditions encountered were 40 MPH winds, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and hail up to nickel sized. The storm was caused by a strong low pressure system, strong upper trough, speed / directional wind shear, dryline, and surface heating. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A PDS tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

16). May 24, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm south of Calumet, Oklahoma in Canadian County from near Highway 270 and I-40 and points well east and northeast to near I-35 and John Kilpatrick Turnpike and south of Guthrie. The storm was a violent HP supercell storm, which produced a large and destructive long-track rain-wrapped tornado. This tornado was also rated EF-5, with a mile-wide damage path, and a track-length of about 75 miles. At least 9 People were killed by this tornado. The conditions near Calumet included isolated hail up to 2" (or larger), extremely frequent lightning with numerous close hits, torrential rains, and winds gusting over 75 MPH. The storm was extremely dark, and a large rain wrapped wedge tornado was encountered about 1 mile north of I-40 on highway 270. I had to back off and let it pass, after being able to hear the roar from it. This rain wrapped tornado and storm was chased from near this location on and off via various road options until south of Guthrie. Damage was extensive in some areas, along a southwest to northeast path. A loud jet-engine sound of the tornado was noted on I-40 just east of Highway 270 at a distance of 1-2 miles. Other damage was to trees, fences, signs, and severe structural damage to buildings and homes (including roofs torn off and some completely destroyed). The storm was abandoned south of Guthrie because it was rain wrapped and too dangerous to chase. The storm was caused by a strong low pressure system, strong upper trough, speed / directional wind shear, dryline, and surface heating. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A PDS tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

17). May 24, 6:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm southwest near and south of Tinker AFB in Oklahoma County from near Sooner road and I-240. The storm was a violent classic (evolving to HP) supercell storm which produced a tornado that damaged buildings near Moore, OK. At my location near the SE side of the Air Force base, extremely frequent lightning with many close hits, heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and hail to golf ball sized was encountered. Debris was also noted falling from the sky, including large pieces of sheet metal! The storm eventually became outflow dominant. The storm was caused by a strong low pressure system, strong upper trough, speed / directional wind shear, dryline, and surface heating. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A PDS tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

18). May 24, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of another very severe and tornadic thunderstorm northwest of Shawnee, Oklahoma along I-40 and near S Harrah road overpass. The storm core had a brief period of 40 MPH winds, nickel sized hail, heavy rains, and occasional lightning. A wall cloud was noted on the south side of the storm, moving rapidly NE. Before the gust front from the previous weakening storm near Tinker AFB had a chance to undercut this supercell, it produced a small but very intense tornado. The tornado quickly formed and lasted about 5 minutes, crossing I-40 and tossed / ripping apart a large semi-trailer (driver was injured but alert as I had to stop and help). Another couple driving was also nearly hit, and one member had to lie in a ditch. Other than tree and sign damage, this tornado was in a rural area. The storm was caused by a strong low pressure system, strong upper trough, speed / directional wind shear, dryline, and surface heating. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was HD video and digital still pictures. A PDS tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

19). May 25, 2:30 PM - Penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Springfield, Missouri in Greene County along I-44. The storm was a portion of a line of strong and severe storms. Conditions encountered with this storm were 40 MPH winds, heavy rain, occasional lightning, and hail up to dime sized. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an low pressure trough, wind shear, and a strong upper level low. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 6 PM CDT.

20). May 25, 4:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Rolla, Missouri just south of I-44 in Phelps County. The storm was a small HP supercell storm, and a rotating wall cloud with funnels passed over Rolla, with the tornado sirens blaring. Conditions encountered with this storm were 40 MPH winds, heavy rain, occasional lightning, and hail up to dime sized. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an low pressure trough, wind shear, and a strong upper level low. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 6 PM CDT.

21). May 25, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm south of Cuba and north of Steelville along Highway 19 in Crawford County, Missouri. The storm was another small HP supercell storm. Conditions encountered when penetrating this storm were 50 to 60 MPH winds, heavy rain, occasional lightning, and hail up to nickel sized. A rotating wall cloud with small funnels was noted on the updraft side of this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an low pressure trough, wind shear, and a strong upper level low. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 6 PM CDT.

22). May 25, 5:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Fredricktown in Madison County, Missouri near Highways 67 and 72. The storm was a classic supercell and a brief tornado was observed on the southern side of the storm, with a rapidly rotating wall cloud. The tornado caused some tree damage, as well as minor damage to a gas station. Conditions encountered when penetrating the core of this storm were 50 to 60 MPH winds, torrential rain, frequent lightning, and hail up to golf ball sized. A rotating wall cloud with small funnels was noted on the updraft side of this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an low pressure trough, wind shear, and a strong upper level low. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

23). May 25, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Bollinger County, Missouri along Highway 72 west of Patton. The storm was a small HP supercell storm. Conditions encountered when penetrating this storm were 50 MPH winds, heavy rain, frequent lightning with some close hits, and hail up to nickel sized. A rotating wall cloud with small funnels was noted on the updraft side of this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an low pressure trough, wind shear, and a strong upper level low. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

24). May 25, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Cape Girardeau, Missouri along Highway 72 west I-55. The storm was an intense multicell storm, with winds gusting over 65-MPH, torrential rains, nickel sized hail, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an low pressure trough, wind shear, and a strong upper level low. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

25). May 29, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm near Tipton, Kansas in Mitchell County near Highway 128. The storm was a classic / LP supercell storm, with a rather high base but impressive visual appearance. The core of the storm was barely penetrated, and hail up to 2" in diameter was measured with the storm passage. The storm also contained occasional lightning, 30 MPH inflow winds, and heavy rains. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an upper trough, weak low pressure, and warm front / dryline interactions. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

26). May 30, 4:00 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm north of Rose, Nebraska along Highway 183 in Rock County. The storm was a very intense HP supercell storm, undergoing transition into a strong bow segment, but still capable of producing tornadoes. A large funnel and wall cloud / tornado was observed in an inflow "notch" of this storm, just before the intense precipitation core slammed the vehicle. Conditions encountered in this storm were 70+ MPH winds, frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, and hail at LEAST baseball sized (3") falling nearly horizontally. The hail shattered the windshield and severely dented all metal on the vehicle, even breaking a windshield wiper and plastic faring below it. Fortunately, the storm remained over mainly remote areas in the Nebraska "Sandhills" region. Conditions causing the storms were a cold front, strong upper trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

27). May 30, 5:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm near Rose, Nebraska along Highway 183 in Rock County. This storm was another tornado-warned HP supercell that moved over nearly the same area affected by the previous storm. The storm was undercut by outflow, but did have a striated presentation visually as well as a well-defined hail core (green sky)! I did not penetrate the storm core, which had hail to at least 2". Conditions encountered were 60 MPH winds, small hail, heavy rains, and frequent lightning. Conditions causing the storms were a cold front, strong upper trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

28). May 30, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of another very severe thunderstorm near Ansley, Nebraska along Highway 183 and Highway 2 in Sherman County and many points east and southeast to south of Grand Island, NE in Hamilton County and Highway 281. The storm was a serial derecho (multicell cluster / line of thunderstorms) containing hail up to quarter sized, winds gusting over 80 MPH, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with close hits. The storm caused tree and building damage, as well as knocking out power to many towns. Large gustnadoes were also observed on the leading edge of the gust front. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2010 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

29). June 12, 4 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Broward County, Florida near Weston and Sunrise and near Interstates 75 and 595. The storm was an intense multicell cluster of severe storms, one of which exhibiting HP supercell characteristics for a short time. The store core had winds gusting over 60-MPH, frequent lightning, torrential rains, and hail at least 1" (some isolated to golf ball sized). Tree damage, flooding, and power outages were also caused by this storm. A wall cloud was also observed with the updraft of this storm. A guest accompanied me on this intercept. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills.

30). Aug 2, 5 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm and possible tornado from a distance of about 5 miles in eastern Broward County, FL from along Interstate 95. The severe storm was over northern portions of Fort Lauderdale (north of Sunrise Boulevard) and its core was also indirectly penetrated (near Broward Boulevard). The storm had heavy rains, winds gusting over 50 MPH, and frequent lightning with close hits. A possible tornado was also observed on the southern portion of the thunderstorm cell from a distance of about 5 miles from just south of Fort Lauderdale Airport. The possible tornado was over northern portions of Fort Lauderdale and near Pompano Beach. Conditions causing the storms were sea breeze activity, a low pressure trough, and surface heating. The storm was observed with a 2009 Ford Escape. Documentation was digital stills.

31). Aug 25, 6 PM - Coastal observation of the outer effects of hurricane Irene while it was about 150 miles to the east over the NW Bahamas. The costal observation was from Deerfield Beach in Broward county northward to near Boynton Beach in Palm Beach county, Florida. With the western fringes of the tropical storm forced wind envelope touching Palm Beach county coastal waters, the main effects from the storm were very high waves. A large southeast swell, with waves as high 10-12 feet, made its way through the channels of the Bahamas and into the FL east coast. Several people were also observed injured after being swept off their feet and into rocks on the north side of Boynton Inlet. Some required paramedics and sustained spinal / head injuries. Other effects were from a rain squall producing winds over 50 MPH in gusts as well as tidal over wash and severe beach erosion. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to do the observations, and documentation was digital stills and HD video.

32). Aug 27, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of strong category one hurricane "Irene" in coastal areas of North Carolina from near and east of Beaufort, NC and working northward to near Pantego and finally eastward to near Nags Head, NC. The storm made landfall near Cape Lookout, NC as a strong category-1 (almost a 2) hurricane with sustained winds of 85 to 90 MPH. Gusts to 115 MPH were reported just north of the initial target area east of Beaufort and east of Smyrna, NC. Very strong winds and a storm surge at least 5-7 feet above normal was observed, as well as passage of the calm eye. Flooding was extensive, with numerous trees and power lines down, and flooded homes. Most roads became impassible in these areas. The storm tracked north through the Pamlico Sound, weakening slightly. The chase traveled back north along Highways 17 / 70 and eventually to Highway 264, which was rendered impassible. Fresh water flooding inland was severe, caused by nearly a foot or rain falling in just 6 hours. Finally, Highway 64 was taken east to Nags Head for the final intercept of the core of the hurricane. Extensive damage was observed east of Columbia, NC from a strong tornado spawned earlier by Irene's right-front quadrant. This chase involved flying into Raleigh, NC (about 150 miles from the landfall area) and driving to the target area(s). The chase vehicle was a 2010 Hyundai Accent. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio recording. A hurricane warning and a tornado watch were in effect for the areas chase throughout the entire chase. Damage totals were over 14 billion dollars with 58 people killed.

33). Sept 24, 4 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm in Deerfield Beach in Broward County, Florida from a residence near Military Trail and south of SW 10th Street. The storm was a multicell thunderstorm cluster associated with some strong and marginally severe storms. The storm observed contained very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and 45 MPH winds. Surface heating, a low pressure trough, and sea breeze activity caused the storms. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to do the observation. Documentation was digital stills.

34). Oct 18, 9:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Broward County, Florida along Interstate 75 from near I-595 and southward to the Miami-Dade / Broward County border. The storm was an HP (high precipitation) supercell storm developing in a broken cluster of strong and severe storms. The core of the storm was penetrated, and very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds near 50 MPH was observed. Once south of the storm core, a large rotating wall cloud and funnel was observed in low light conditions west if I-75 near Pembroke Pines. A wind shift was encountered, with a weak RFD surge noted as the tornado passed to the northwest. Power flashes were notes as the lower wall cloud was northeast of my location (near Sunrise, FL). Tree damaged was also later observed in this area, however, a more thorough check of damage revealed a far-worse scenario. The tornado caused a damage path over a mile in length and up to 150 yards wide near 136 Avenue and NW 8th Street in Sunrise. Damage was upper-end EF-2 (confirmed) with homes suffering structural damage, cars flipped over, and roofs torn off. The tornado also caused extensive damage in a mobile home park. No one was killed. The storm was caused by a subtropical low pressure system, convergence, weak surface heating, and a convergence area in an area of moderate low-level wind shear. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storm. Unfortunately, the storm was at night, so no video or pictures were possible. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM EDT.

35). Oct 28, 6:00 PM - Observation of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm over rural areas of Miami-Dade / Broward Counties in the Florida Everglades (near Krome Avenue and Highway 27). The storm was a small supercell storm and was observed from a distance of about 5 miles. A large and rotating wall cloud, with occasional funnels, was observed on the southwest side of this storm, while it showed a "hook" signature on radar for at least 30 minutes. The storm core was not penetrated. No damage was observed, except for flooding in Broward County later on as the supercell evolved to a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms containing torrential rains and strong winds. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure trough, the remnants of tropical storm "Rina", surface heating, and an upper trough. . A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital still photos.

Summary - This concludes the 2011 chase season. The summary includes a total of 35 chases or observations. Out of these chases, there were 30 severe thunderstorms, 3 strong thunderstorms, at least 18 tornadoes (or funnels), one hurricane, and one coastal observation. Chases were in Florida, North Carolina (hurricane), and in the central United States (Midwest). A 2009 Ford Escape was used in 13 chases (mainly in Florida). Rental vehicles were 2011 Hyundai Elantra in 2 chases, a 2010 Hyundai Accent for the hurricane chase, and a 2010 Nissan Versa used in 19 chases.

2). April 14, 1:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the northeast of Russell, Kansas in Russell county from near Highways 281 and Highway 40 and points northeast towards Lucas, Kansas and Luray near Highway 18. The storm was a slightly elevated HP supercell storm, developing near a northward moving warm front that gradually became surface based. This storm also produced the first reported tornado of the day, which I was the first one to observe and report. The tornado developed just northeast of Russell, KS and quickly became rain-wrapped. Id continued northeast and was followed to near Luray then Lucas where it was briefly observed again to the north of a road (Highway 18) blocked by downed power lines. The power lines were snapped over a wide path (roughly 1/4 mile wide) but the tornado pretty much remained over very open and rural areas. Heading back towards Russell, more tree / power line damage was observed near 193 / 192 streets, but somewhat narrower, and I had to divert around another blocked road. The storm also contained wind gusts to near 50 MPH, lightning, small hail, and very heavy rains. Conditions causing the storms were a rapidly developing Colorado low pressure area, warm front, surface heating, an intense upper trough, and strong vertical wind shear. A 2012 Chevy Malibu was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 6:00 PM CDT.

3). April 14, 4:00 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Rush Center, Kansas in Rush County, Kansas from near Highway 96 Highway 4. The storm was an intense classic supercell storm, and highly cyclic, producing several tornadoes (in which two of the last ones were observed). The core of the storm was not penetrated, and contained hail to baseball sized. The storm had a very striking "stacked plate" visual presentation when viewed from the northeast, with a cone / stovepipe tornado visible under it. This first tornado weakened, and a second one formed near Highway 96 and tracked to the northeast to near Bison, where it dissipated. The second tornado had a beautiful rope structure, and the remnant circulation passed over me on a farm road west of Bison and just south of Highway 4. Other than that, lightning, heavy rains, and winds near 45 MPH were also encountered with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were a Colorado low pressure area, dryline, surface heating, intense upper trough, and strong vertical wind shear. A 2012 Chevy Malibu was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 6:00 PM CDT.

4). April 14, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm from near Lyons in Rice County, Kansas along Highways 56 / 14 and points northeast through Geneseo along Highway 4 and eventually to near the southern side of Salina, Kansas in Saline County near Bridgeport. The storm was a violent classic supercell, and produced the strongest reported tornado of the day, at EF-4 strength, and with winds up to 200 MPH. The storm was first encountered west of Lyons, Kansas and did a split, the core of the storm was indirectly penetrated (between these two splits, which was fortunate, as Highway 56 happened to go through this "soft spot" in the storm). Lightning, violent (horizontal) rains, winds over 70 MPH, and golf ball sized hail were found during the penetration to get east of the storm. Once east of the storm, and west of Mitchell, the rain free base of the southern split was noted, developing a pronounced RFD clear slot, and violent tornado-genesis ensued. The tornado began north of Lyons, as a multi-vortex tornado, then matured as a wedge tornado (at least 3/4 mile wide at times), and evolved to a stove pipe, smaller cone, then lifted by about 6:45 PM northwest of Bridgeport. This well documented tornado was on the ground for at least 45 minutes, luckily avoiding any major towns (pavement was reported scoured by this tornado), and damage observed was mainly trees (debarked) and power lines destroyed. The cyclic supercell storm continued to the NE past Salina, and went on to produce more (but smaller tornadoes). Conditions causing the storms were a Colorado low pressure area, dryline, surface heating, intense upper trough, and strong vertical wind shear. A 2012 Chevy Malibu was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 9:00 PM CDT.

5). April 14, 9:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and formerly tornadic thunderstorm to the southwest of Salina, Kansas in Saline County just west of Interstate 135 and north of Assaria, Kansas. The storm was a weakening supercell storm, with a history of producing tornadoes earlier. The storm was observed mainly for lightning and hail observation, so the core of the storm was avoided due to the discouraging danger of chasing tornadoes at night. Conditions encountered were continuous lightning, hail and hail fog (marble sized hail covered the ground in one area behind the storm south of Salina); heavy rains, and winds at least 50 MPH. A rotating wall cloud and funnels were also observed with this storm, illuminated by lightning. The storm eventually weakened north of I-70 near Solomon, Kansas. Conditions causing the storms were a Colorado low pressure area, dryline, surface heating, intense upper trough, and strong vertical wind shear. A 2012 Chevy Malibu was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for this area until 1:00 AM CDT.

6). May 7, 9:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Weston, Florida in Broward County near Interstate 595 and Highway 27. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms. Winds near 45 MPH, heavy rains, and frequent lightning were observed with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, a weak a low pressure trough, and weakening sea breeze activity. A 2009 Ford Focus was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

7). May 10, 4:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Boca Raton, Florida in Broward and Palm Beach Counties from near Interstate 95 and Sample Road to points northwest, and southward. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms with a small embedded HP supercell. Winds near 40 MPH, small hail, heavy rains, and lightning were observed with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and outflow boundary / sea breeze interactions. A 2009 Ford Focus was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

8). May 14, 5:00 PM - Observation and penetration of severe thunderstorm in west-central Broward County, Florida from near Interstate 595 and Highway 27 to the southeast near Sunrise and Weston along Interstate 75. The storm was an HP supercell storm, unusual for southern Florida. A large rotating wall cloud was observed over the open Florida Everglades and to the west of Sunrise. A well-defined RFD clear slot and some funnel clouds were observed with this storm before it was undercut by outflow. The storm core was penetrated, where winds gusting near 65 MPH, small hail, frequent lightning (with some close hits), and extremely heavy rains were observed. Some tree damage was noted with this storm as well. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and outflow boundary / sea breeze interactions. A 2009 Ford Focus was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video.

9). May 21, 6:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm to the west and southwest of Springer, New Mexico and near the intersections of Interstate 25 and highway 56 in Colfax County. The storm was a supercell storm (ranging from classic to high-precipitation modes during its lifetime). A large rotating wall cloud was observed on the southern side of the supercell storm, and several funnels were observed. The storm core was indirectly penetrated, and conditions encountered there were very heavy rains, frequent lightning, winds gusting near 50 MPH, and hail up to the size of quarters (with smaller pieces noted covering the ground). Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, boundary interactions, and up-slope wind flow. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 10:00 PM MDT.

10). May 22, 8:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm to the north of Minot, North Dakota near Maxbass and east of Highway 83 in Bottineau County. The storm was an intense classic to HP supercell storm. The core of the storm was indirectly penetrated (on the southern side) and inflow / RFD winds over 60 MPH was observed. Heavy rains, small hail, and occasional lightning were also observed, along with a rotating wall cloud / funnels. A possible brief tornado (bad contrast / rain wrapped from my view) may also have developed when the storm was near Maxbass, ND. The main storm core, containing very large hail, was not penetrated. The supercell storm also had a striking visual appearance (striations and RFD clear-slot). Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, strong upper trough, and warm front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A tornado watch box was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

11). May 23, 5:30 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm near North Bend, Nebraska in Dodge County near Highway 30 and State road 79. The storm was observed from initiation west of Schulyer, NE and followed as far as Nickerson (before it moved NE becoming an HP supercell / line segment into Iowa). The storm began as a classic supercell, with a rotating wall cloud for some time. The core of the storm was not penetrated (contained hail to golf ball sized). Some gustnadoes were also observed with this storm, and winds gusting near 50 MPH were encountered with the RFD area. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and a cold front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

12). May 23, 7:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Blair, Nebraska in Washington County near Highway 75. The storm was a supercell storm that evolved to an intense line segment. Conditions encountered with the storm were winds gusting near 45 MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning (with some close hits), and small hail as the more intense hail core passed just to my north. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and a cold front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

13). May 23, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Bennigton, Nebraska in Washington and Douglas Counties near State Road 133. The storm was an HP supercell storm, and a rotating wall cloud was observed with it for about 5 minutes before being under-cut. The core of the storm was allowed to pass by my north, which visually had a bright green appearance, and contained hail to golf ball sized. Some large pieces of hail were also seen on the ground. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, small hail, and winds to hear 45 MPH were also encountered. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and a cold front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

14). May 24, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of severe thunderstorms from near Eau Claire, Wisconsin in Eau Claire County and near Interstate 94 and Highway 12 southeastward through Osseo in Trempealeau County and farther to near Black River Falls in Jackson County. The storm was a multicell line of severe storms, and a few intense cells were penetrated in this area. The most severe cells had winds near 70 MPH, extremely heavy rains, pea to dime sized hail, and frequent lightning (with some close hits). Some wind damage was done by the storm near Eau Claire. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and a cold front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 10:00 PM CDT.

15). May 26, 12:00 PM - Indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm southwest of Rochester, Minnesota along Interstate 90 in Olmsted county. The storm was an elevated severe storm developing north of a warm front, and contained high winds and large hail. I passed just south of the multicell severe storm, and found 50-60 MPH wind gusts, small hail, heavy rains, and frequent lightning. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure trough, upper trough, and a warm front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation were digital stills.

16). May 26, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation a severe thunderstorm east of O'Neill, Nebraska near Knox and Holt Counties and north of Highway 20. The storm was a high-based LP supercell storm. The storm produced lightning, moderate rain, and winds gusting over 50 MPH. The hail core was not penetrated. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and a warm front. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 10:00 PM CDT.

17). May 27, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation a severe thunderstorm east of Phillipsburg, Kansas along Highway 36 in Phillips County, Kansas. The storm was an HP supercell storm, developing ahead of a line of severe thunderstorms. This storm contained hail up to 2 inches in diameter and winds over 60 MPH with heavy rains, but the storm core was not penetrated. A rotating wall cloud and small funnel was also observed on the SE side of the storm with striations visible in the storm updraft. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and a dryline. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 12:00 AM CDT.

18). May 28, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm southeast of Vernon, Texas along Highway 287 then southward along Highway 183 in Wilbarger County. The storm was a supercell storm, and the northern edge of its intense hail core was penetrated. Conditions encountered were hail up to 1.25", lightning, heavy rains, and winds gusting over 60 MPH, raising dust. The main core had hail over 2" reported. A wall cloud and funnel cloud also was noted when west of this storm, along with a lot of smoke from a brush fire started by lightning. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and a stalled frontal boundary. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 12:00 AM CDT.

19). May 28, 8:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of an extremely severe thunderstorm from near Mabelle, through Seymour along Highways 82 and 183 and to near Olney and finally near and south of Elbert and in Baylor and Throckmorton Counties, Texas. The storm had an extremely dangerous hail core (80+ DBz on reflectivity) when it was northwest of Seymour, Texas. Of course, the core was not penetrated. A wall cloud was noted on the storm before it merged with a line segment. During the indirect penetration of the storm south of Elbert, 70 MPH winds, torrential rains, hail to 1", and frequent lightning with close hits was observed. A very "green sky" affect was also produced by this storm. Trees were down and power knocked out in some towns. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and a stalled frontal boundary. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 12:00 AM CDT.

20). May 29, 5:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Nash, Oklahoma along Highway 64 in Grant County. The storm was an HP supercell storm, containing hail up to 2.5". The storm was the northern-most cell in a cluster of three significant supercell storms. Some hail to 1" was observed trying to get ahead of the storm. A small RFD feature and clear slot was also noted with this storm. The storm also contained heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, and winds near 50 MPH. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, dryline, and a stalled frontal boundary. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

21). May 29, 7:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Drummond and then into Hennessey, Oklahoma from along Highways 132 and 51 in Kingfisher County. The storm was a classic (eventually evolving to HP) supercell storm, and contained hail up to baseball sized. The storm was the middle cell in a cluster of three significant supercell storms. Some hail to 1.5" was observed trying to get to the southern side of the storm. The storm had a large rotating wall cloud, then produced a brief and weak (but large) tornado with a well organized RFD. Winds to 60 MPH, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were also encountered. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, dryline, and a stalled frontal boundary. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

22). May 29, 8:30 PM - Interception and direct penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Piedmont, Oklahoma north of Highway 3 in Canadian County. The storm was another classic / HP supercell storm. The storm produced extremely large hail, in the 3 to 5 inch range! Some of this hail was observed just NE of Piedmont, OK. The storm also produced a rain-wrapped tornado, which was visible from my vantage point with baseball to grapefruit sized hail (and larger) falling. Winds near 60 MPH, heavy rains, and frequent lightning as also observed with this supercell storm. One 3.5" hailstone struck the chase vehicle just above the windshield (sparing the windshield) and leaving a large dent and even breaking the inside dome light (before moving the vehicle against a restaurant wall)! The tornado caused some sporadic damage (outside of power being knocked out) in Piedmont but fortunately missed any majorly populated areas. An low audible "roar" was also noted during the tornado. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, dryline, and a stalled frontal boundary. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, audio, and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

23). May 29, 10:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Moore, Oklahoma along Interstate 40 in Cleveland County. The storm was an multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. While pulled over on I-35, the store core passed with frequent lightning (with some close hits), torrential / violent rain, hail to 1", and winds gusting near 80 MPH. This storm also evolved into a bow structure on radar. The storm caused tree and sign damage, as well as knocking out power. Much more extensive damage near Piedmont was done from the hail, with some stones reported to be five, or even SIX inches across! Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, dryline, and a stalled frontal boundary. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 11:00 PM CDT.

24). May 30, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Mclean in Gray County, Texas north of Interstate 40 and near State Road 273. The storm was an LP supercell thunderstorm, and on the northern end of a broken line of supercells (the southernmost being the most intense). The storm had a striking visual appearance (cork-screwed updraft and RFD with some small funnels) but was rather high based. The core was not penetrated, but contained golf ball sized hail. Some hail to 1/2" was observed as the storm was weakening near Mclean. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and dryline. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 9:00 PM CDT.

25). June 1, 6:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm from near Dalhart, Texas and Highways 287 and 54 in Dallam County and points southward through Hartley and Oldham counties to near I-40 and Highway 385. The storm was a supercell thunderstorm. The core was not penetrated during its most intense phase when it was west of Channing, Texas. The storm produced hail up to 3". Largest hail observed was about 1", with 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning (with some close hits), and very heavy rains. A wall cloud and small funnel was also noted on the storm when it was northwest of Channing. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, upper trough, and boundary / stalled front interactions. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, audio, and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for this area until 10:00 PM CDT.

26). June 2, 2:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm near Denver International Airport north of Aurora in Denver County, Colorado near Pena Boulevard. The storm was an outflow-dominant severe storm (line segment) which produced winds from 60 to as high as 80 MPH. The storm was observed just before leaving the car at the rental return at a gas station. Winds observed were at least 60 to 70 MPH, with some sign / tree debris airborne, and a lot of dust. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, and upslope wind flow. A 2012 Kia Forte was used to observe the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid just east of this area until 10:00 PM MDT.

27). June 14, 8:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm in Miami-Dade County, Florida from near Interstate 75 and Hialeah / Sweetwater. The storm was an intense multicell storm. The western edge of the storm core was penetrated, where winds gusting near 50 MPH, very heavy rains, frequent lightning (with some close hits) were observed. Some street flooding was noted with this storm as well. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and outflow boundary / sea breeze interactions. A 2009 Ford Focus was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

28). June 14, 9:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in central Broward County, Florida from near Interstate 595 in Weston to Highway 27. The storm was an intense multicell / supercell storm with a brief rotating updraft observed over the Everglades north of Weston, illuminated by lightning. The storm quickly evolved into a multicell cluster / line of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions observed with this storm were winds gusting near 60 MPH, possible small hail, very heavy rains, and very frequent lightning (with some close hits). Some street flooding, tree damage, and power outages were noted with this storm as well. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and outflow boundary / sea breeze interactions. A 2009 Ford Focus was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

29). June 15, 7:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm in western Broward, Florida from along Interstate 595 in the Florida Everglades and near the Miccosukee Indian reservation. The storm was an LP (evolving to classic) supercell storm, unusual for a Florida thunderstorm. The storm core, containing dime sized hail (down from baseball sized a bit earlier, when the storm was near Henry County) and 60 MPH winds, was not penetrated. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with banding / striations on the updraft tower, well-developed RFD and wall cloud, beaver's tail / inflow bands, and weak vault. A funnel cloud was also observed with the storm during its most intense point as it moved SSE. Frequent lightning was also observed with this storm, as it remained over un-populated areas. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, wind shear, and outflow boundary / sea breeze interactions. A 2009 Ford Focus was used to observe the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM EDT.

30). July 28, 4:30 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm and weak tornado from along State Road 98 in eastern Glades County, Florida and east of Clewiston. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms producing very heavy rains, lightning, and winds gusting over 40 MPH. One thunderstorm over eastern portions of Clewiston developed weak low-level rotation on its inflow / updraft side, which was to the NE of the storm core. A weak land-spout type tornado was observed with this portion of the storm at a distance of about 5 miles. The tornado lasted no more than 30 seconds, and was over the swamp areas to the north of Clewiston and on the SW side of Lake Okeechobee. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating and sea breeze convergence / boundary interactions. Documentation was digital stills of the weakening tornado. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storm.

31). Aug 17, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe storm in Broward County, Florida from near Sunrise Blvd in Plantation and into western sections of Fort Lauderdale near I-95 and Davie Road. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong to marginally severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were winds near (and exceeding) 50 MPH, torrential rains, small hail, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating and sea breeze convergence / boundary interactions. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storms.

32). Aug 26, ALL-DAY - Observation and penetration of a strong tropical storm "Isaac" in the lower Florida Keys, Mainly Key West, in Monroe County, Florida. The chase was basically observation of strong winds, rains, and minor storm surge down Highway US 1 and around Key West. Some flooding was observed near Mallory Square and on the south side near White Street Pier. Winds gusting to near 70 MPH were observed in an intense band of thunderstorms north of the center of Isaac, which passed about 10-15 miles to the south of the Island. Winds died down a bit, but no calm was observed with the storm center. Damage was mainly flooding, some power outages, and some trees / signs down. Large waves were also observed crashing over the White Street Pier as well as near a marina north of Mallory Square. The storm originally developed south of Hispaniola / Cuba and after passing Key West, continued into the Gulf of Mexico and eventually formed Hurricane Isaac that affected the Northern Gulf Coast. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storm. A friend of mine, Jeffrey Lam, also chased with me on this intercept. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A live stream was also used via a dash mounted camera when mobile wifi was available. A hurricane (later downgraded to a tropical storm) warning and tornado watch was also in effect for the area (tornado watch box valid until 8 PM EDT with re-issuance until 9 AM the next day).

33). Aug 28-29 BOTH - Observation, interception, and penetration of a category one hurricane "Isaac" in the northern Gulf coastal States from Alabama, through Mississippi, and into Louisiana. The chase path was primarily around Interstate 10 and Highway 90, with chief observation areas from near Dauphin Island in Alabama, Gulfport and Waveland in Mississippi, and from New Orleans to Houma in Louisiana (especially in the Terrabone Parishes). Storm surge flooding was first encountered at the Dauphin Island Parkway mid-day on Aug 28, making the roadway impassible. Hurricane Isaac was a very large hurricane, and storm surge effects were exacerbated by both the large storm size and long duration of the winds (due to the slow movement of Isaac to the NW). Storm surge approached 12 feet (very large for a hurricane with 80-85 MPH sustained winds). Extensive storm surge flooding and damage was observed along the coastal areas with this storm. Inland, in non surge flooded areas, torrential rains and winds near 80 MPH were encountered, especially from Houma and southward to near Chauvin along Highway 56. The large eye was also encountered, with calm winds and an eerie low fog in the storm center (968 mb at landfall). No blue sky was observed because of the low stratus / fog in the eye, but the rain and wind stopped. Damage observed was to trees, signs, and power lines. Power was out in many areas, and many roads blocked by fallen trees. The eye was exited during the morning of Aug 29, along Highway 90 when headed back to New Orleans, and the eyewall was encountered with violent (horizontal rains) and winds near 80 MPH. This continued well to the east, past New Orleans, and as far east as Biloxi, Mississippi. Storm surge was very severe near Lake Ponchatrain east of New Orleans. Only wind damage / blown out windows was observed in New Orleans proper. A line of tornadic thunderstorms (HP supercell and possible tornado) was also encountered during the afternoon of Aug 29 near Gulfport. The storm was exited near Mobile Alabama later that day. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A live stream was also used via a dash mounted camera when mobile wifi was available. A hurricane warning and tornado watch was also in effect for the areas chased (tornado watch boxes valid from Aug 28 through Aug 30 most of the time). Damage totals were over 3 billion dollars with 41 people killed.

34). Aug 29, 3:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Gulfport, Mississippi along Highway 49 and near Stone and Harrison counties. A brief low-contrast funnel was observed with this HP supercell storm - Embedded in the rain-bands from Hurricane Isaac to the west of the area. A violent wind shift was associated with passage of the (possible) rain wrapped tornado with RFD winds gusting well over 80 MPH. The tornado was rain wrapped. The storm also contained lightning, violent rains, and winds gusting over 80 MPH. Conditions causing the storm were enhanced low-level wind shear, and convergence in hurricane Isaacs feeder bands. Documentation was digital stills and video, as well as a live stream of the storm (active with mobile wifi via a dash camera). A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A hurricane warning was also in effect for this area, and a tornado watch valid until 4 PM CDT.

35). Oct 12, 7:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the northeast of Plainview, Texas in Hale County and near Highways 86 and 207 and east of Interstate 27. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. Two small tornadoes were observed with this storm. The first one was a brief tornado under a large wall cloud, and the second was with another "cycle" of the supercell that was multi vortex in nature. The tornadoes were brief and probably EF-1 or less. No damage was observed as the storm was over open country. The core of the storm was not directly penetrated, and contained hail to at least baseball sized. Quarter to golf ball sized hail was encountered northeast of the storm when diverting around the core to get into position for the tornadoes. The storm also had 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning (with some close hits), and very heavy rains. The storm had a very striking visual appearance as well (striations, vault, and ominous wall cloud). The storm was caused by a dryline and stationary front interaction, surface heating, upper trough, and developing low pressure system. A 2012 Dodge Avenger was used to chase the storm. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 2 AM CDT.

36). Oct 13, 4:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm near and to the southwest of Binger, Oklahoma in Caddo County and near Highways 152 and 146. The storm was part of a line / cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms, and possibly an embedded HP supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm before it was undercut by outflow. An impressive shelf cloud (and "whale's mouth" effect) was observed with this storm. The storm also produced small hail, frequent lightning, very heavy / sideways rains, and winds gusting over 70 MPH. Some tree damage was observed as well. Conditions causing these storms were a Pacific cold front / dryline interactions, surface heating, upper trough, and low pressure system. A 2012 Dodge Avenger was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

37). Oct 13, 5:30 PM - Observation of another severe thunderstorm near Lawton, Oklahoma in Comanche County and near Highways 7 and 65 and east of Interstate 27. The storm was an HP (or even classic) supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud and rain curtains was encountered east of Lawton and south towards Walters, where a small funnel was also observed. The storm contained 60 MPH winds, lightning, heavy rains, and hail about the size of quarters. Conditions causing the storm was an advancing dryline (south of its intersection with a Pacific cold front), surface heating, upper trough, and low pressure system. A 2012 Dodge Avenger was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

38). Oct 26-28, ALL - Coastal observations and indirect interception of category one hurricane "Sandy" while it made its closest approach to the east of Florida. Sandy was a category one hurricane (formerly with 110 MPH winds earlier on October 25-26) passing through the Bahamas. The storm evolved to a subtropical hurricane on October 27, and eventually a devastating extratropical storm off New Jersey on October 29 before making landfall that same day with 90 MPH winds. The conditions observed were mainly heavy rains and winds gusting to 50 MPH (tropical storm conditions on October 26 and early on the 27th). The biggest impacts along the Palm Beach county coastal areas were extremely large swell waves and a moderate storm surge from its effects. Some coastal flooding, severe beach erosion, and damage to some piers and beachfront property was observed. The large swells were the largest observed since October 1991 (Perfect Storm) in and offshore of Palm Beach County / Boynton and Lake Worth inlets. A 2009 Ford Escape as well as a 2008 SeaDoo watercraft was used to observe these conditions. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tropical storm warning and heavy surf / coastal flood advisory as also in effect for the areas. Hurricane Sandy caused 233 fatalities and nearly 69 billion dollars in damage, mainly in the NE USA.

Summary - This concludes the 2012 chase season. The summary includes a total of 38 chases or observations. Out of these chases, there were 34 severe thunderstorms, one strong thunderstorm, at least 12 tornadoes (or funnels), one tropical storm, 2 hurricanes, and one coastal observation were done. Chasing was done in Florida, in the central United States (Midwest), and the Gulf Coast (for a hurricane). A 2009 Ford Escape was used in 13 chases. Rental vehicles were 2012 Dodge Avenger in 3 chases, a 2012 Chevy Malibu in 4 chases, and a 2012 Kia Forte used in 18 chases. A 2008 SeaDoo watercraft was also used in a coastal observation.

2). April 7, 6:00 PM - Observation and interception of a very severe (and tornadic) thunderstorm near La Cross, Kansas and east to near Otis and Olmitz / Albert, and in Rush / Barton counties, from along Highway 183 and eastward along Highways 96 to 281. The storm was a supercell storm. Conditions observed were heavy rains, hail up to golf ball sized, frequent lightning, and 50 MPH winds. The storm core was indirectly penetrated, with a diversion north of La Crosse and east around the storm to avoid larger hail. A very weak and brief tornado was also observed with this storm near Otis, Kansas. No damage was noted. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an upper trough, and an advancing dryline / surface low. Documentation was digital video, digital still photos, and audio. A 2011 Chevy Aveo was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area, valid until 12 AM CDT.

3). April 8, 7:00 PM - Observation and interception of a very severe (and tornadic) thunderstorm near Burlington, Colorado in Kit Carson County north of I-70 and west of Highway 385 and points east and northeastward to near Saint Francis, Kansas along Highway 36 into Cheyenne County, then eventually into Nebraska near Trenton in Hitchcock County (heading north on Highway 25 north of Atwood, Kansas). The storm was a supercell storm, and first produced a land spout type tornado north of Burlington, CO and southwest of Saint Francis, Kansas. The core of this storm was not directly penetrated. The storm rapidly intensified again later near and west of Trenton, NE with tornado damage reported later. This tornado was not visible (after dark) but 60+ MPH inflow winds were observed with this storm, with airborne dust and farm vegetation. These strong SE inflow winds gave way to a dusty calm then rapid wind shift to westerly (RFD)! Otherwise, hail up to 1", heavy rains, and frequent lightning was observed with this storm. Visually, this supercell storm had an impressive visual presentation (stacked-plates or "mothership" / striated structure) with inflow banding. Conditions casing the storms were upslope winds, surface heating, a low pressure system, and upper trough. A 2011 Chevy Aveo was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital images and video, as well as audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM MDT (10 Central).

4). April 9, 6:00 PM - Observation and interception of a strong thunderstorm near Lawton, Oklahoma in Comanche County from near and west of I-44 and Highway 62. The storm was a small supercell storm, but was elevated as it was undercut by an advancing arctic cold front / cool density current. Most convection, although marginally severe, happened BEHIND the cold front (anafrontal) with a shallow layer of cold air undercutting the storms. The strong cold front had a temperature change as much as 60 degrees F, over a 6 hour period! In fact, the same area in Colorado the day prior (near Burlington), the temperature was a mere 15-20 degrees F with heavy snow, a far cry from 75 degrees 12 hours earlier! The Lawton storm had small hail, lightning, 40 MPH winds, and heavy rains. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an upper trough, and an advancing strong cold front. Documentation was digital still photos. A 2011 Chevy Aveo was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area, valid until 1 AM CDT.

5). April 9, 10:00 PM - Observation of strong thunderstorms from near Wichita, Kansas in Sedgwick County from I-35 and I-44 and points northeastward to near Emporia, Kansas in Lyon County. The storms were multicell clusters of strong thunderstorms, developing in the unstable post-frontal environment. Winds gusting over 40 MPH, frequent lightning, small hail, and heavy rains were observed with these storms. These elevated storms were encountered with surface temperatures in the low 40's, en-route to Kansas City, MO after wrapping up the chase trip. Conditions causing the storm were an elevated warm air layer, an upper trough, and an advancing strong cold front. Documentation was digital video. A 2011 Chevy Aveo was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area, valid until 1 AM CDT.

6). April 20, 4 PM - Observation of strong thunderstorms from south of Highway 98 in Glades County, Florida and from west of Clewiston, and eastward through Palm Beach County to south of South Bay and Highway 27. The storm was an intense multicell cluster / line of strong thunderstorms that initiated southwest of Clewiston and east of Fort Meyers. The storms eventually moved into Palm Beach and Broward counties, producing a 70 MPH wind gust in Davie, FL. The storms were intercepted during their strong phase. Winds near 50 MPH, small hail, heavy rains, and frequent lightning were observed with the storms. The storm had a defined updraft and wall cloud at one point, but quickly became outflow dominant and undercut (with an impressive shelf cloud). The storms were caused by a cold front, surface heating, and sea breeze boundaries. Documentation was digital still photos. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

7). May 9, 6 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm from Broward County near Cooper City, and points southward through Hialeah in Miami-Dade county to near Okeechobee road. The storm was a small supercell storm, classic to even LP in nature at times. The storm had a very striking visual (supercell) presentation (such as striations on the updraft and rotation) for a Florida thunderstorm. The storm was barely moving to the east, but turned to the southeast. An area of rotation was observed, with funnels and a rotating wall cloud. A persistent anti-cyclonic mid-level funnel was also observed near Hialeah, Florida. The storm contained hail at least dime sized, 50 MPH winds, torrential rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storms were caused by surface heating, sea breeze / boundary interactions, and a low pressure trough. Documentation was digital still photos. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

8). May 18, 4:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm west of Burlington, Colorado in Kit Carson County and along Interstate 70. The storm was a high based LP supercell storm, being passed on its northern fringes en-route to a Kansas target area. The storm split and for a while had a bell-shaped base, RFD feature, and striations on the updraft tower. Hail to dime sized was observed with this storm, along with 40 MPH winds, rain, and frequent lightning. The main core was not penetrated. Conditions causing the storm were an upper-level trough, developing lee cyclone, and surface heating. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM CDT.

9). May 18, 6:30 PM - Observation and interception of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from south of Ellis, Kansas into Rush County near Ellis Avenue and around Highway 183 to west of La Crosse. The storm was an HP supercell storm, which produced a well-defined but poorly contrasted funnel / tornado during its northern split with the southern split also producing a weak tornado (dust rotating under funnel / rotating wall cloud) north of Nekoma. This HP supercell was part of two tornadic supercells, with the next storm to the south producing a significant tornado (too far to intercept at this point after long drive from Denver). The HP supercell storm here had hail to baseball sized (core not penetrated directly). Hail to 1", winds gusting near 80 MPH (especially in RFD), frequent lightning with some close hits, and torrential rain was observed. Conditions causing the storms were a dryline, surface heating, low pressure trough, and upper trough. Documentation was audio, HD video and digital stills. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for this area until 11 PM CDT.

10). May 19, 4:30 PM - Interception of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the southwest of Wichita, Kansas in Sedgwick County. The storm was south of Highway 400 / 54 and the storm was followed to the NE from near Highway 42 and Clearwater and into the SW side of Wichita near McConnel Air Force Base. Two tornadoes were observed with this storm. The first one was a slender elephant trunk / rope tornado that lasted about 5 minutes on the south side of the developing storm, and another farther north as a wide / multi vortex that quickly became rain wrapped. The storm was a powerful HP supercell. The storm core, containing hail at least baseball sized, was not penetrated. Conditions encountered included winds gusting 70 to even 80 MPH (in the rain wrap / wet RFD), hail to golf ball sized, frequent lightning, and torrential rains. Damage occurred in parts of Wichita from this storm. Conditions causing the storms were a weak cold front, dryline / boundary interactions, upper trough, surface heating, and surface low pressure. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 10 PM CDT.

11). May 20, 4:30 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm from near Duncan, Oklahoma in Stephens County from near Highway 81 and State Road 7 and points east and northeast. The storm was followed from initiation, and split into two storms, with the right split the one being followed. The left split of the supercell, however, went on to become the devastating Moore, Oklahoma tornado. These storms were classic / HP supercell storms. This tornado was not intercepted as it was in a heavily populated area. The southern split produced a rotating wall cloud with some funnels and a brief tornado. Other conditions with this storm were golf ball sized hail, 60 MPH winds, torrential rain, and frequent lightning with many close hits. Conditions causing the storms were boundary interactions, a weak cold front, surface heating, dryline, and an upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

12). May 20, 6:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm from north of Courtney, Oklahoma in Love County and points southward to near Montague County in Texas near Saint Jo and along Highways 70 and 82. The storm was an HP supercell that evolved to a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms. The storm was outflow dominant, and had winds gusting near 70 MPH with frequent lightning, torrential / horizontal rains, and hail up to 1". Conditions causing the storms were boundary interactions, surface heating, dryline, and an upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

13). May 21, 0:00 PM - Penetration of strong and severe thunderstorms along a long line / path from near Waco, Texas and southward to near Rosebud, Texas along Interstate 35 as well as Highway 77. The thunderstorms were a multicell line of strong and severe thunderstorms with an HP supercell storm at the southern end of the line. The storms were very outflow dominant. Conditions observed with the storms were winds gusting up to 60 MPH, torrential rains, hail to a half-inch, and frequent lightning with close hits. Conditions causing the storms were outflow boundaries, surface heating, and a cold front. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was audio, HD video, and digital stills. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 7 PM CDT.

14). May 23, 3:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from Floyd County near Dougherty, Texas and west of Highways 70 and near Highway 62. The storm was an HP supercell storm that produced some weak tornadoes (one of which was observed). The storm was followed southward to near McAdoo, Texas before it became outflow dominated. In addition to the weak tornado, very strong winds over 70 MPH (with blowing dust), frequent lightning, golf ball sized hail, and torrential rains were observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were an outflow boundary, low pressure trough, surface heating, and upslope wind flow. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT

15). May 23, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of another extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Spur (Dickens County) through Jayton, Texas (Kent County) and southward through Rotan and Fisher Counties primarily along Highway 70 and parts of Highway 380. The storm was another HP supercell storm. A tornado was observed with this storm near Rotan in Fisher County from along Highway 70. The storm had XDW (extreme damaging winds), and these winds, near Jayton and Highway 380, were observed gusting over 100 MPH! Hail up to golf ball sized, torrential / violent rain, and frequent lightning was also observed with this storm. The storm also caused flash flooding and structural damage to buildings (some roofs torn off). Conditions causing the storms were an outflow boundary, low pressure trough, surface heating, and upslope wind flow. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT

16). May 24, 6:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from near Sheridan Lake in Kiowa / Cheyenne counties in Colorado and near Highways 385 and 40. The storm was followed into Kansas to near Goodland and I-70 / Highway 27 in Wallace / Sherman counties. The storm was an LP supercell storm. Conditions encountered were lightning (with close hits), large hail (up to 2" was observed), light to moderate rains, and winds near 50 MPH (mainly inflow with dust). Some small funnel clouds were observed, and the storm had a striking visual appearance of stacked plates at one point. Conditions causing the storms were a dryline, surface heating, low pressure area, and an upper trough. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

17). May 25, 8:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm in Meade County, South Dakota north of I-90 and near CR MC-29 and Viewfield. The storm was a classic supercell storm, with a very striking and impressive visual appearance (barber-pole updraft and stacked-plates appearance). The storm core was not penetrated, and contained 3" hail to baseball sized. Conditions encountered were 40-MPH winds, lightning, moderate rain, and hail to 3/4" (the storm core was avoided). Some funnel clouds were also observed with this storm, with a well-developed RFD. The storms were caused by surface heating, a warm front / dryline interaction, a low pressure area, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM MDT.

18). May 26, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm from near Broken Bow to Comstock, Nebraska in Custer County and near Highway 183 and State Road 70. The storm was a very intense LP supercell, evolving to classic mode. The storm had an incredible visual appearance, with a striking barber-pole updraft and "stacked plates" / "flying saucer" effect. The storm produced baseball sized hail, but the dangerous core was only indirectly penetrated, and hail up to 1" was observed falling. Some partially melted baseball (melted to tennis ball sized) hailstones were noted on the ground behind the storm core. Other conditions encountered were light rain, 40 MPH inflow winds, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm also produced a rotating wall cloud with funnels. The storms were caused by a low pressure area, surface heating, warm-front (well ahead of a weak dryline), and upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storm. Documentation of this storm was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 2 AM CDT.

19). May 27, 7:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm in Osborne County, Kansas from near Osborne, Kansas and eastward through Beloit. The storm was a supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud with funnels was observed with this storm, along with hail to 1", moderate rains, 50 MPH inflow winds, and frequent lightning. The storm was caused by a warm front, surface heating, upper trough, low pressure area, and dryline. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

20). May 28, 6:00 PM - Interception, indirect penetration, and observation of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm to the north of Salina, Kansas in Ottawa County from near Highway 81 and State Road 143. The storm was a tornadic classic (evolving to HP) cyclic supercell storm. The storm produced two tornadoes, the first one short lived, and the second being a large and potentially violent wedge tornado, with a wide of a mile wide at one point, and staying on the ground for at least 30 minutes until the wet RFD wrapped around it, obscuring it from view. In addition to the tornado, 50 to 60 MPH inflow winds were noted, large hail up to tennis ball sized, torrential (horizontal) rains, and very frequent lightning with many close hits. Damage occurred over open country (mainly to farm equipment and power lines) from this tornado, as it fortunately did not hit any towns. Conditions causing the storm were an outflow boundary, stationary front, dryline, surface heating, low pressure area, and an upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills, audio, streaming video, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

21). May 29, 4:30 PM - Indirect penetration and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Briscoe, Texas and eastward along Highway 83 and FM 1046 and FM 277 in Hemphill County. The storm was a bow segment in a multicell line of severe thunderstorms. The core was not directly penetrated, but hail to 3/4", 60 to 70 MPH winds (and blowing dust), frequent lightning (with some close hits), and heavy rains were encountered. The storm core contained hail over 2" (core not directly penetrated). Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a dryline, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

22). May 30, 3:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Guthrie, Oklahoma in Logan and Payne Counties, and east and northeast through Perkins and Cushing near State Road 33 / 105 and Highway 177. The storm was a supercell storm, and two small brief tornadoes were observed before outflow undercut the storm. The storm had large hail in its main core (not penetrated), but a golf ball sized stone or two hit the vehicle. Heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and frequent lightning (with some close hits) were observed with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, an outflow boundary, low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

23). May 30, 5:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm from near Guthrie, Oklahoma in Logan and Payne Counties, and eastward towards Agra near Highway 177 and State Road 105. The storm was a supercell storm, and came very close to producing a tornado, with a rapidly rotating wall cloud and funnel across SR 105. The storm quickly succumbed to the effects of the outflow boundary after that, but not before exhibiting an impressive structure with striations and barber-pole updraft. The core contained large hail (over 2") but the core was not penetrated. 50 MPH winds and lightning were observed with this storm in addition to the rotation and funnel. The storm was caused by surface heating, dryline, an outflow boundary, low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

24). May 31, 6:00 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm (of "historic" proportions) near and to the south of El Reno, Oklahoma in Canadian County. The storm was a violent classic / HP cyclic supercell storm, and produced at least three tornadoes (most of these being mile-wide multi-vortex / wedge type). The storm also contained grapefruit sized hail and 100 MPH winds in addition to heavy rains and tornadoes. The main core was avoided like the plague. Conditions encountered during this storm were winds over 100 MPH (tornadic inflow and RFD), frequent lightning with close hits, hail to baseball sized, and extremely heavy (horizontal) rains. The storm caused damage and deaths in El Reno, including those of renowned scientists / storm chasers Tim Samaras, his son Paul, and Carl Young. The large tornadoes were observed with this cyclic supercell, along with a very impressive striated updraft, wall cloud, inflow bands, RFD clear-slot, and supercell structure. The tornadoes were all wedge tornadoes / multi vortex, a mile wide in some cases. Later analysis shows these 'mile wide' tornadoes being mere sub vortices of a larger circulation 2.6 MILES wide! The tornado was rated EF-5 with a core (peak-gust) velocity of 296 MPH! The outer circulation of the third wedge tornado (during its development stages) passed very close to, if not over, the chase vehicle (nearly blowing it off the road). Other storm chasers had their vehicles destroyed from this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, low pressure area, a dryline, stationary frontal boundary, and strong upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT.

25). May 31, 7:30 PM - Observation and penetration of another very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Mustang, OK in Canadian County and eastward to Will Rogers International Airport in Oklahoma County along State Road 152. The storm was an HP supercell storm, and took a direct hit on the town of Mustang. While in traffic, with people panicking, a car struck me in the middle turning lane damaging my front passenger door and wheel, destroying the tire. After that, the other motorist left and I was forced to retreat behind a church / gas station before the storm hit. I never saw the person who cut in front of me again. The vehicle could only do 20 MPH after quickly changing the spare tire. A tornadic circulation passed over my vicinity, and had gusts near 80 MPH with flying debris and power poles / signs down. This HP supercell evolved into a very large cluster of severe thunderstorms. Other conditions encountered were 80 MPH winds, hail to golf ball sized, frequent lightning, and torrential rains. I had to "limp" to the airport to take shelter during the storm in their parking garage. After finding out I could not get any help from their car rental facility (power out and not same company / franchise), I had to hobble 10 miles to a motel off I-44 in heavy rains, flash flooding (cars were floating in rushing water in some streets), and hail to golf ball sized. The storm ended after arriving at the motel off I-44 and Penn in NE Oklahoma City. Many trees down, power outages, and flash flooding were observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, low pressure area, a stationary frontal boundary, and strong upper trough. A 2013 Kia Sportage was used to chase the storms and sustained damage (from the accident in Mustang). Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT.

26). June 6, ALL-DAY - Observation and interception of a strong tropical storm "Andrea" in the Florida "Big Bend" area from near Cedar Key in Levy county and along Highways 24 and 19. The storm was a strong tropical storm with winds sustained at 65 MPH. Landfall was just north of Cedar Key, Florida with passage across Georgia and the southeastern states over the following days before extratropical transition. Heavy rains, some storm surge flooding (in NW Florida), strong winds, and some isolated tornadoes were spawned east of the center as it came ashore. The storm made landfall in Florida with 65 MPH winds and a central pressure of about 993 MB. The storm was intercepted by a drive up the east coast of Florida, then across to near the Tampa area south of Orlando, and off to the target area in and around Cedar Key, Florida. Storm surge flooding, some wind damage, and heavy rains were encountered with this storm, as well as the calm pressure center. A 2009 Ford Escape was used the chase the storm. Documentation was still photos and HD video.

Summary - This concludes the 2013 chase season. The summary includes a total of 26 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 23 severe thunderstorms were involved, 3 strong thunderstorms, 17 tornadoes (including very significant ones), and a strong tropical storm. Chases were in Florida and the central United States (Midwest). A 2009 Ford Escape was used in 4 chases. Rental vehicles were a 2011 Chevy Aveo in 4 chases, and a 2013 Kia Sportage in 18 chases. Personal / family problems caused the "lack" of chases after June of 2013, especially with the loss of 3 storm chases / scientists on May 31, 2014.

2). April 12, 11:30 AM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm moving across northwestern Cook County, IL from near Barrington Road and southeastward along Highway 14 to near Paletine. The storm was a supercell storm that developed on the southern end ("tail end Charley" storm) of a line / cluster of strong and severe storms. The storm had a distinct RFD cut and rotation (with a rotating wall cloud and small funnel) on its SW side. A portion of the intense core was encountered near Barrington Road and Highway 13, with hail up to 2" (hen egg size) falling. Frequent lightning, moderate rain, and 40 MPH winds were also noted with this storm. Damage was mainly because of the very large hail, with broken windows / dents being common. The storm was caused by a stationary front, convergence line (along and near the low level jet), and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video.

3). April 12, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm northeast of Waverly, Iowa in Bremer county from near Highways 3 and 63. The storm was an elevated (north of a surface frontal boundary) supercell storm. The main focus on intercepting these storms was for observation of large hail. Upon reaching the path the storm passed over (the core was not penetrated), hail up to 2" was observed lying on the ground with hail fog. The storm had an impressive hail core, and wet RFD (with green "glow") when viewed from its SW side. The storm affected rural country and no damage was observed. Winds near 35 MPH, rain, and frequent lightning was also observed with this storm. The storm was caused by a stationary front, surface heating, low-level convergence, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area, valid until 10 PM CDT.

4). April 27, 2:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm to the northwest of Jasper, Missouri in Jasper County from west of Highway 71 and near Highway 160. The storm was a supercell storm (classic supercell) and a rotating wall cloud and RFD clear area was observed with this storm. The core of this storm was not penetrated, and the storm quickly weakened as it became elevated over a cool pool of air north of an outflow boundary afterwards. The storm was caused by a low pressure area, surface heating, upper trough, dryline, and outflow boundary interactions. Documentation was HD video and stills. A 2014 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

5). May 8, 6:00 PM - Observation and interception of a severe thunderstorm near Jefferson, Iowa and near Highways 4 and 30 in Greene County. The storm was a multicellular / supercell storm complex. A tornado warning was issued for the storm, and RFD winds (with an RFD clear slot) gusted over 60 MPH with heavy rain, lightning, and small hail near the storm core. No tornado was observed. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an upper trough, and advancing dryline / Pacific front ahead of a surface low. Documentation was digital still photos. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area, valid until 9 PM CDT.

6). May 12, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Highways 20 and 53 and points eastward from near Aurora, Illinois to western portions of Chicago in Cook County. The storm was a multicell severe thunderstorm that evolved briefly to a supercell storm. The storm had a well-developed rain-free base and rotating wall cloud with small funnels while southeast of O' Hare International Airport. The storm core was indirectly penetrated, and heavy rains, 50 to 60 MPH winds, small hail, and frequent lightning with some close hits was observed. The main core of the storm had hail to quarter sized. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an upper trough, and a low pressure trough. Documentation was digital HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area, valid until 11 PM CDT.

7). May 19, 7:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from near Harrisburg in Banner County, Nebraska and Highway 71, and points east and southeast through Dix on Highway 59 and eastward along Interstate 80 towards Chappell in Deuel County. The storm was a high based but intense LP supercell storm. The storm had a very striking visual appearance, including a high based wall cloud, striations, RFD clear-slot, and "mother-ship" appearance. The storm was indirectly penetrated, and RFD winds of at least 70 MPH with blowing dust was observed. Heavy rains, hail to ping-pong ball sized (1.25"), and frequent lightning was also encountered. The main core had hail up to 2.5" (tennis ball sized). Some tree and roof damage was noted in Dix in Kimball County just north of I-80. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, frontal boundary, upslope wind flow, a low pressure area, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital HD video and stills, and audio.

8). May 20, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms from north of Chugwater, Wyoming near I-25 and Highway 314 in Platte and Goshen Counties, and eastward to near Hawk Springs and into Scottsbluff Nebraska along Highway 26. The severe storms were two supercell storms that pretty much moved in tandem to the east and then southeast. The supercell to the northeast maintained rotation for at least 5 hours, and its RFD kept the other supercell to its southwest outflow dominant. A rotating wall cloud with brief funnels was observed with the southern (main) supercell storm. These supercells were HP in nature, and outflow dominant. Strongest winds observed were over 60 MPH, with blowing dust (as well as RFD clear-slot). The main cores were not penetrated. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, and small hail was also encountered. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, frontal boundary, upslope wind flow, a low pressure area, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM MDT.

9). May 21, 4:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Adams County, Colorado from near I-76 and Brighton and eastward past Denver International Airport, and finally into Bennett and Byers along Highway 36. The storm was an HP supercell with violent rotation. A very large wall cloud and some small tornadoes were observed with this storm. The storm became outflow dominant and merged with a line segment during the end of its lifecycle north of Byers. Large hail was observed with this storm, with some pieces near 2" (the core had at least 3"). 70 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were also encountered with this storm. The hail left a large area with significant accumulations and flash flooding was observed in rural areas after passage of the supercell. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and upslope wind flow. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM MDT.

10). May 22, 2:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Arapahoe and Denver Counties in downtown Denver, Colorado near Havana / Quebec streets and southwest of I-70. The storm was an LP supercell storm, and also produced a funnel cloud. The main core, although small, was not directly penetrated. Small hail to dime sized was observed, with light rain and 30 MPH winds. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with bell-shaped base and striated "barber-pole" type updraft. The storm was short lived. Conditions causing the storm were upslope wind flow, DCVZ (Denver Cyclone Vorticity Zone), surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 7 PM MDT.

11). May 22, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms in Adams County near Byers, Colorado south of I-70 and near county road 181. The storm was a cluster of severe thunderstorms with an embedded HP supercell storm for a short while. The storm contained copious amounts of marble sized hail, had 50 MPH winds, very heavy rains, and small funnel clouds. Flash flooding was observed with this storm, as well as an accident from skidding on I-70 east of Bennett (chaser Dan Shaw assisted the folks in the accident). Conditions causing the storms were upslope wind flow, outflow boundaries, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 7 PM MDT.

12). June 3, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from southeast of Burwell and near Ord (Valley and Greely Counties), Nebraska and well to the east and southeast through Columbus and eventually to the east of Lincoln. The storm was an HP supercell storm, which became quickly outflow dominant, and the core of it was indirectly penetrated as well. Conditions encountered were 65 to 75 MPH winds, frequent lightning, torrential rains, and hail up to nickel sized. Two weak tornadoes / gustnadoes were observed with this storm as well in Greely county. The main core had hail to baseball sized and winds over 80 MPH. Flash flooding and trees down was also noted with this storm. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, upper trough, warm-front, and outflow boundary interactions. Documentation was HD video and stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 7 PM CDT.

13). June 3, 10:00 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm from along Interstate 29 from southeast of Nebraska City, and into extreme NW Missouri / SW Iowa in Atchison and Holt counties, respectively. The storm was a multicell severe storm that was northeast of an HP Supercell storm to the SW over Richardson County, Nebraska. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning, 70+ MPH winds, torrential rains, and dime sized hail. A semi truck was also seen blown over near Rockport with this storm. The storm was caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, upper trough, and outflow boundary interactions. Documentation was HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 1 AM CDT the following day.

14). June 14, 6:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Smith Center, Kansas in Smith County and near Highways 36 and 281, and points northeastward through Red Cloud and into Nebraska near Clay Center and Harvard near Highway 6 in Adams County. The storm was a supercell storm (classic structure at times) with a striking visual (stacked plates) appearance. A small land spout type tornado was missed early on in the storms lifecycle. Strong winds (near 60 MPH), hail to 1", heavy rains, and frequent lightning was observed near Smith Center, Kansas during an indirect penetration of the storm along Highway 36. Later on, a series of small tornadoes under a very large wall cloud were observed around 10 PM in Nebraska near Adams County and NW of Harvard, Nebraska. The storm was caused by surface heading, and Pacific cold-front / dryline interaction, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was HD video, audio, and stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT the next day.

15). June 15, 12:00 AM - Penetration of severe thunderstorms along Highway 81 from near the KS / NE border and to the north of Belleville in Republic County. The storm was a bowing section of a very large multicellular MCS moving in from the west. Winds gusting to near 70 MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning, and small hail were encountered in this area. The storm was caused by a low pressure area, upper trough, and advancing Pacific cold front. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 5 AM CDT.

16). June 16, 12:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm from along Interstate 29 near and Northeast of Omaha, Nebraska in Douglass County and Pottawattamie County in Iowa and northeastward to near Harlan in Shelby County and Highway 59 / SR 44. The storm was an elevated HP supercell storm, that evolved to LP via downscale evolution and eventually dissipated near and east of Denison. Originally, this storm had hail exceeding 3 inches when it was in Douglas County, NE. The main core was not penetrated, but small hail, 50 to 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were observed with this storm. The storm also had a striking visual appearance (stacked plates and "mothership" appearance as it was undergoing downscale evolution near Harlan, Iowa. The lower base (and RFD shelf) of the storm became de-coupled from the upper portion of the supercell storm, which had striations and a pronounced RFD clear slot. The storm was caused by a warm front (to the south), low-level jet, low pressure trough, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital video and still photos. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 12 PM CDT.

17). June 16, 4:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm from near Stanton, Nebraska in Stanton County near SR 57 and Highway 275, and northeastward past Pilger, Nebraska and eventually to about 7 miles southwest of Sioux City, Iowa in Dakota County near Emerson along SR 35. The storm was a violent classic and cyclic supercell that produced at least 4 violent tornadoes (one EF-4 wedge near Stanton, two dramatic and intense EF-4 "twin" tornadoes near Pilger, with one of them taking a direct hit on that town causing at least EF-4 damage and fatalities, and yet another EF-4 southwest of Thurston in Wayne County). The storm produced a "tornado family" with at least three tornadoes on the ground at the same time. While the Stanton EF-4 tornado (which was nearly a mile wide during its wedge phase) was roping out north of the intersection of Highway 275 and SR 57, Pilger, NE was being destroyed by one of the violent "twin" tornadoes that were in progress eastward near Highway 275. These two tornadoes were very large and violent stovepipes (almost wedges) that at one point were nearly identical, and rotating slowly around each other ("Fujiwhara" effect), with the tornado that hit Pilger becoming shrouded in debris. These two tornadoes continued to the NE, with the eastern Pilger tornado becoming "involved" with its western "twin" and evolving to a mile+ wide wedge north of Highway 275. With this wedge tornado (now a single vortex, with possibly a brief satellite / third tornado to its west prior to the merger) becoming rain wrapped and occluding, two more separate tornadoes developed to the east, one a narrow rope that evolved to a stovepipe, and yet another cone / wedge tornado developing southwest of Thurston. The view north of Highway 275 clearly showed three of these tornadoes, with the stovepipe in between them. Finally, after a cycle-down, the supercell storm again produced a smaller tornado about 7 miles SW of Sioux City, and northwest of the Winnebago Indian Reservation. After that the storm underwent downscale evolution and dissipated near Sioux City, Iowa. The core of this storm was avoided, but hail to quarter sized was observed with heavy rains and frequent lightning. Winds, especially RFD and inflow, were noted gusting from 70 to 80 MPH. The town of Pilger, NE took a direct hit from the western EF-4 (at least) tornado, killing at least 3 people and destroying most of the town. Destruction of the town was observed directly from Highway 275. The supercell also had a very impressive visual presentation, including striations and a "stacked plate" appearance. The storm was caused by a warm front / boundary interactions, surface heating, low pressure area, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital video, audio, and still photos. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch box was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

18). July 3-4 All-Day - Interception and penetration of a category two hurricane "Arthur" from near Belfort and Atlantic Beach in Carteret County, North Carolina near Highway 70 and points north and eastward to near Nags Head and the Outer Banks via Highway 64 and 12 into Dare County. The latter was a second penetration of the core of the hurricane. The hurricane made landfall just before midnight near Cape Lookout, NC and moved to the northeast, across the Pamlico Sound, and re-emerging into the Atlantic Ocean off Nags Head a couple hours before daybreak. The storm had sustained winds of 100 MPH, and some of these winds were encountered on the stronger side of the storm during the second intercept in Dare County. The first intercept passed through the weaker (left) eyewall and grazed the edge of the eye from Atlantic Beach to Beaufort. Downed trees and power lines were observed with the passage of the core of the hurricane. Storm surge was significant on the backside of the storm from the Pamlico Sound. A "negative" surge was also observed in Nags Head on the sound side with the bay nearly completely empty. This area surged back in violently after the wind shift on the backside of the eye. The pressure center and dead calm was experienced inside the eye south of Nags Head with 973 MB pressure, fog, and starlight visible overhead. Storm surge flooding caused damage on the outer banks as well as from the Pamlico Sound on the backside of the storm. A 2013 Toyota Yaris was used to chase the hurricane (out of Raleigh). Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. A hurricane warning was in effect as well as a tornado watch for the area until 8 AM EDT. Since the storm mainly affected coastal areas, damage totaled 40 million dollars and 2 people were killed.

19). July 12, 6:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Dewitt in Clinton County, Iowa and eastward along Highway 30 to near Rock Falls, Illinois in Whiteside County and near I-88. The storm was a supercell storm that initiated west of Clinton County during the mid afternoon. The storm intensified quickly and moved due east, passing Dewitt and crossing the Mississippi River into Illinois by early evening. The storm intensified again near Rock Springs, IL and developed strong rotation (possibly a brief tornado as well). The storm core was penetrated near De Witt and 70 (to possibly 80) MPH wind gusts were observed with zero visibility in torrential rain and small hail to dime sized. A rotating wall cloud was also observed at this time. The storm moved east and another rapidly rotating wall cloud was noted near Rock Springs, Illinois. This cycle of the storm was very impressive, and the supercell had a striking "stacked plates" appearance with a low rotating wall cloud / funnels. This possibly had a weak ground circulation as well. The storm weakened after that and evolved into a line segment. A guest (Jeffrey Lam) who was visiting also was in my vehicle on this chase. Some tree damage was observed with this storm, along with flooding. Frequent lightning was also observed, with some close hits. The storms were caused by surface heading, a differential heating boundary, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2013 Ford Fiesta was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT.

20). Sept 5, 3:00 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm at an office location in Hoffman Estates in Cook County, IL just north of Interstate 90 and west of Highway 59. This was an unwary observation from a fixed location (office building). The storm was an HP supercell storm with an intense RFD / bow segment embedded in the southern portion of a line / cluster of severe thunderstorms. A wall cloud with small funnels and some rotation was observed on the north side of the southern (HP) storm before the intense bow and its associated precipitation core passed by my location. Winds during the most intense part of the storm gusted around 80 MPH, with extremely torrential (horizontal) rains, hail up to 1", and frequent lightning. The storm was very fast moving (at least 50 MPH). Tree and sign damage, trucks overturned, power outages, and some building damage occurred with this storm. The vehicle parked at the location was a 2012 Toyota Yaris. Documentation was audio, stills, and HD video. The storm was caused by surface heating, low pressure trough, upper trough, and cold front. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

Summary - This concludes the 2014 chase season. The summary includes a total of 20 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 20 severe thunderstorms were involved, 13 tornadoes (some significant / violent), and one hurricane. In addition to chasing in Florida, a considerable amount of chasing was done in the central United States (Midwest). A 2009 Ford Escape was used in 16 chases. Rental vehicles were a 2014 Hyundai Accent used in one chase, a 2013 Ford Fiesta in another, and two separate 2013 Toyota Yaris rentals, one for the hurricane chase, and another involved in a severe storm observation.

2). April 8, 6:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Barber County, Kansas from west of Medicine Lodge, and north and east towards Nashville, Kansas near Highways 160 and 42. The storm was a classic (and cyclic) supercell thunderstorm. Two tornadoes were observed with this storm, one being a brief low contrast elephant trunk, and another one being a large tornado that lasted about 5 minutes. Fortunately these tornadoes occurred in open rural terrain. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with a striated updraft and multiple layers (like an upside down wedding cake). The storm also produced winds gusting near 50 MPH, and baseball sized hail. Hail to at least 2.5 inches, albeit melted, was observed west of Nashville, Kansas behind the storm as it was weakening. Heavy rains and frequent lightning (with some close hits) was also observed. Hail damage was observed near Nashville. Conditions causing the storms were a warm front / dryline interaction, surface heating, vertical wind shear, a low pressure system, and strong upper trough. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the next day.

3). April 9, 6:00 PM - Interception and subsequent penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from west of Davenport, Iowa in Scott County, and points east to near I80 and Highway 61 near the Mississippi River. The storm was encountered again west of Fairdale, Illinois in Olga County and near I-39 as it evolved to a line segment behind the other tornadic storm that affected Olga County (below). This storm was an HP supercell storm, and a weak, possibly rain wrapped tornado was briefly visible from the SE side of the storm before it became outflow dominant. The storm also contained frequent lightning, heavy rains, quarter to golfball sized hail, and winds gusting over 70 MPH. The storm was caused by a warm front / Pacific cold front interaction, surface heating, vertical wind shear, a low pressure system, and an intense upper trough aloft. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

4). April 9, 7:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm in Ogle County, Illinois from north of I-88 near Dixon and towards Rochelle and near I-39 / Highway 251 near Kings and to near Highway 72 near Fairdale. This storm was a violent and cyclic classic supercell thunderstorm. It produced a violent wedge tornado, nearly a mile wide at times that destroyed the small towns of Kings and Fairdale leaving two people dead. The storm developed on the southeastern side and ahead of a cluster of storms, formerly a supercell, to the northwest near Davenport, Iowa. This one cell explosively intensified, and quickly moved to the ENE and NE where it became tornadic near Rochelle and east of Dixon. The tornado started as a cone, then evolved to an elephant trunk, and ultimately a stovepipe. The storm quickly cycled and produced a large and violent (EF-4) tornado northwest of Rochelle just before 7 PM CDT. At one point, the developing wedge had a large satellite (a small stove pipe) tornado rotating around it. This tornado continued until it was out of site to the northeast of Fairdale, where I had to stop and offer assistance (Highway 72 was also blocked there). Ground scouring was noted with the passage of this tornado, along with complete destruction of buildings, homes, trees (with debarking), and vehicles. A semi was overturned by this storm south of Highway 72 on I-39. The ground scouring was along a large swath, oriented SW to NE, with bare dark dirt left. Golfball sized hail was also noted as this storm crossed I-88 earlier. Winds gusting 70 to 80 MPH were observed (RFD) as well as inflow over 60 MPH. Heavy rains and frequent lightning were also encountered. The path of ground scouring (with a prominent ground scar) was also visible from an overflying aircraft at 10,000 feet a couple days later (thanks to Chicago Skydiving Center). The storm was caused by a warm front / Pacific cold front interaction, surface heating, vertical wind shear, a low pressure system, and an intense upper trough aloft. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

5). May 8, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Davidson, Oklahoma and eastward through Grandfield and Devol from near Highways 183 and 70 in Tillman County. The storm was an HP supercell storm. At least two tornadoes were observed with this storm, one was a brief elephant trunk tornado forming from the left split, and later a low-contrast multi-vortex tornado within the main circulation of the HP storm ("Bears" cage). In addition to the tornadoes, very heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, 60 MPH winds, and tennis ball sized hail was encountered. The main core had baseball sized hail. This storm also had a striking visual appearance. The storm remained over open country, but some flash flooding was noted with the passage of this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a low pressure system, stationary frontal boundary, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

6). May 9, 6:00 PM - External observation of an extremely severe and cyclic tornadic supercell storm from along Highway 385 in Cheyenne Wells in Cheyenne County, Colorado. This storm was not reached until it weakened near Burlington and I-70 and was outflow dominant. None of the tornadoes were observed as a navigation issue / fuel stop caused problems getting into position on the storm on time. Hail was observed covering the ground (marble sized) with an occluded wall-cloud and a temperature drop from the mid 70's to near 40 degrees (F)! The storm was also a low topped type of cold core storm. Conditions causing the storm were a low-pressure system, dryline, warm front, surface heating, and upper trough / low. Documentation was digital stills, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM MDT.

7). May 9, 9:30 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and cyclic tornadic supercell storm from along Interstate 70 and Grinnel, Kansas in Gove County. The storm was not directly penetrated, but large tornadoes, illuminated by continuous lightning, were observed with this storm. The storm was also a low topped type of cold core storm. Conditions causing the storm were a low-pressure system, dryline, surface heating, and upper trough / low. Documentation was digital stills, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

8). May 10, 12:30 PM - Observation of a disorganized but marginally severe storm passing through Nemaha County near Oneida, Kansas and along Highway 36. The storm was a multicell severe storm, and small marble sized hail was observed on the ground after the storm passed. The core was not directly penetrated. Conditions causing the storms were a low level jet, surface heating, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

9). May 19, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Armstrong County, Texas between Canyon and Claude along FM 1151. The storm was an HP supercell storm. Conditions encountered were occasional lightning, torrential rains, 60 to 70 MPH winds, and hail up to quarter sized (mainly marble sized in large amounts). A rotating wall cloud / small funnels was also noted with the updraft of this storm. The storms were caused by an advancing dryline, low pressure area, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. The area was to the west of a tornado watch valid until 9 PM CDT.

10). May 19, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of another very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Donley County, Texas near Highway 70 and south of Clarendon and west of Lakeview on 256. The storm was a large HP supercell storm. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning (with some close hits), torrential rains, winds gusting near 70 MPH, and occasional hail up to quarter sized (the main core was not penetrated). A large rotating wall cloud / small funnels was also noted with the updraft of this storm, with some tagging rain curtains. The storms were caused by an advancing dryline, low pressure area, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. The area was to the west of a tornado watch valid until 9 PM CDT.

11). May 20, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Pecos County, Texas near Highway 18 and just north of Fort Stockton. The storm was an LP (to classic) supercell storm. Conditions encountered were occasional lightning (with a couple close hits), heavy rains, winds gusting near 50 MPH, and hail up to quarter sized. A rotating wall cloud was also noted with the updraft of this storm, with some small funnels. The storms were caused by an advancing dryline, low pressure trough, surface heating, southward moving cold front, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the next day.

12). May 22, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm in Elbert County, Colorado near Matheson and along Highway 24, then near 40 towards Hugo and south of Limon. The storm began as an LP supercell storm, and evolved to classic / multicell at times. The storm had a striking visual appearance, and some small funnels were noted with the storm as well. Small hail was also noted covering the ground. There was occasional lightning, 50 MPH winds, heavy rains, and small hail. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a warm front, low pressure system, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

13). May 22, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm in Kit Carson County, Colorado near I-70 and Burlington to Bethune. The storm was a supercell storm with strong rotation observed on its southeastern side, with 50 to 60 MPH inflow winds. The core was not directly penetrated, but heavy rains, small hail, lightning, and 50 MPH winds were observed. A rotating wall cloud and some funnel clouds were also observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a warm front, low pressure system, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

14). May 23, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms near Otero County, Colorado from near La Junta and Highway 50 to near and north of Las Animas. The storm was a small supercell storm that evolved to a cluster / bow segment of multicell storms. A rotating wall cloud and some funnels were observed, as well as lightning, heavy rains, hail to 1", and winds gusting over 60 MPH. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, low pressure system, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 7 PM MDT.

15). May 25, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of severe thunderstorms near Saline County, Kansas from near Salina and points northeast along Interstate 70. The storms were a multicell cluster of severe storms, but an LP supercell storm with a rotating wall cloud was observed on the northern side of the storm complex. The multicell cluster of severe storms eventually overtook the LP storm, and had 60 MPH winds, heavy rains, frequent lightning (with some close hits), and hail up to quarter sized (1 inch or so).Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure system, frontal boundary, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

16). June 2, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm in Dawes County, Nebraska from west of Highway 385 and north of River Road near Marshland. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms that evolved into a high precipitation supercell, then became outflow dominant with strong winds and dust (a "haboob"). The storm core was not penetrated, but small hail and winds gusting over 60 MPH were encountered with lightning and rain. A large, rotating wall cloud and RFD clear slot (wet RFD) was noted with a brief and large funnel cloud. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure system, dryline / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM MDT.

17). June 2, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm in Morrill County, Nebraska from near highways 385 and 26 as well as south of there near Bridgeport and Highway 88. The storm was an LP supercell storm. The storm core indirectly penetrated, and hail to 1" was observed. Some dust, winds near 50 MPH, moderate rain, and lightning were also observed. The storm had a striking visual appearance ("stacked plates" effect). The storm undergone downscale evolution revealing a "barber pole" updraft as it weakened amidst other LP storms that formed west and north of it. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure system, dryline / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM MDT.

18). June 3, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm in Ramah County, Colorado from between Kiowa and Agate and west of I-70 and north of highway 86. The storm was a supercell storm (classic to HP), with a striking visual appearance. The core, with baseball sized hail, was not penetrated. A rotating wall cloud was noted looking WSW into the storm, with a large funnel / possible brief tornado. The storm remained over open rural country, otherwise just light rain, 40 MPH winds, small hail, and lightning were observed from my part. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure system, upslope wind flow, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM MDT.

19). June 4, 9:30 PM - Penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms along Interstate 80 from near Grand Island and eastward in Hall County, Nebraska. The storms were a multicell cluster / line of thunderstorms, and were outflow dominant. A shelf cloud was noted with the gust front from these storms, and winds near 60 MPH, small hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning was observed. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

20). June 10, 7:30 PM - Observation of very severe thunderstorms (from a distance of about 25 miles) late in the day from Cook County, Illinois. The storms were near Joliet / Minooka and the storms produced heavy rains and hail up to 4.25" (grapefruit sized) near Minooka at the time. The storms were not penetrated, just observed from a distance, with a display of incredible mammatus and updraft / storm structure. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

21). June 20, 1:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Tipton, Iowa in Cedar County and along Highway 30. The storm was an elevated line segment of strong and severe storms. Very heavy rains, lightning, 60 MPH winds, and hail to 1" were encountered with this storm. The storms were caused by a surface boundary to the south, surface heating, and an upper trough. Documentation was still digital photos. A 2009 Ford escape was used to chase the storms.

22). June 20, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of very severe thunderstorms from near Pella and Oskaloosa, Iowa in Marion County near Highway 163, and points southeast and east along Highway 63 and 34 into Mount Pleasant and Henry County. The storm was initially a multicell cluster of severe storms, with 2 embedded HP supercells. A large wall cloud and some rotation was noted at this point. Hail to 1.5", frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and 70 MPH winds were observed at this point. The storm supposedly had hail approaching grapefruit sized, so the worst part of the core was not penetrated. The storms evolved into a derecho-like bowing MCS, which raced east and had winds gusting over 75 MPH. The storms were caused by surface heating, a cold front, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital still photos and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

23). June 22, 7:15 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from east of Muscatine, Iowa across the river in Illinois, and from near Illinois City along highway 92 / 192 and points east and southeast towards Alpha and Woodhull along Highway 67 and eventually I-74 and highway 17 / 34 north of Altona mainly in Rock Island County. The storm was a cyclic HP supercell storm, and produced at least 2 tornadoes during its cycles in Illinois (possibly another before crossing the Mississippi river in Iowa). One of these tornadoes was observed at close range. The tornado in a heavy rain wrap ("bear's cage") region and was a multi-vortex that evolved to a stovepipe / cone, then a wedge tornado. The tornado became rain wrapped and remained over rural areas, damaging some farm equipment and downing power poles (power flashes seen). RFD winds gusting to near 80 MPH with small hail and horizontal violent rain was also encountered. A second possible tornado, with impressive "stacked plates" supercell structure was observed farther southeast near Woodhull along Highway 67. The storm had frequent lightning with numerous close hits. The storm was caused by surface heating, a pre-frontal convergence area (ahead of Pacific cold front), outflow boundary, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital still photos and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

24). June 24, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation of very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorms from northwest of Winterset, Iowa and near Greenfield in Madison County near Highway 169 and south of I-80, and points southeast and east through Osceola on Highway 34. The storm was a cluster of HP supercells, one having strong rotation and a striking "multi-tiered" shelf cloud and impressive visual presentation. The storms evolved to an intense multicell cluster with embedded supercells. An area of very strong rotation (wall cloud and RFD clear slot) was noted near Greenfield before outflow undercut the storms. Other conditions were frequent lightning, very heavy rains, 60 to 65 MPH gusts, and small hail. The main storm cores were not penetrated. The storms were caused by surface heating, boundary interactions, a lower pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital still photos and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 2 AM CDT the next day.

25). July 17, 5:15 PM - Penetration of a strong to marginally severe thunderstorm from near Highways 72 and 25 in east Dundee, IL and points south to near Elgin, IL in Kane and Cook Counties. The storm was part of a cluster / line segment of thunderstorms. Some lightning, 50 MPH wind gusts, small hail to dime sized, and very heavy rains were encountered with this storm. Some traffic signals were out and street flooding was also observed. The storms were caused by surface heating, boundary interactions, and an approaching upper trough. Documentation was digital still photos. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms.

26). July 18, 2:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm between Hebron and Harvard in McHenry County, Illinois from north of Highway 14 and west of Highway 47. The storm was a supercell storm that developed initially on the south side of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. This classic to HP storm developed a weak tornado over rural areas of McHenry County, with circulation extending to ground level with airborne tree debris and a visible funnel above it. The tornado did damage mainly to trees and a destroyed barn / shed. A well defined RFD clear slot and wall cloud was also noted with this tornadic supercell. The storm quickly merged with other storms afterwards and evolved to a multicell cluster. Frequent lightning, with some close hits, 50 to 60 MPH wind gusts, small hail, and very heavy rains were also encountered with this storm. The main core was not penetrated. The storm was caused by surface heating, a well-defined NW to SE oriented outflow / lake breeze boundary, a low pressure trough, warm front, and upper trough. Documentation was digital still photos and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

27). Aug 2, 9:00 PM - Observation of severe thunderstorms including a tornadic supercell storm ahead of the storm cluster. This was anywhere from Cook / Lake counties in Illinois to earlier storms to the SW near DuPage county. The storms were north and northwest of Chicago and produced large hail and wind damage. A tornado was also reported in Lake county, then offshore in lake Michigan as a waterspout. The storm was extremely active electrically. The tornado was not observed. Heavy rains, small hail, 50 mph winds, and frequent lighting was encountered with the indirect penetration of the storm cluster. The storms were caused by a frontal zone, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2009 ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid until.2 AM CDT.

28). Aug 18, 5:15 PM - Interception and observation of a severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Livingston and Grundy Counties in Illinois from near Highway 17 and 47 west of I-55 southwest of Dwight and Mazon. Two supercell thunderstorms developed ahead of a multicell storm cluster to the west, and these storms were targeted as they moved from near Livingston County, northeast towards Grundy, and eventually southern Cook County. A large rotating wall cloud, impressive structure (with striations), and a brief tornado were observed with the northern of these two supercells (HP to classic in nature). Both storms were tornado warned. The core was not penetrated, but 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning, heavy rains, and small hail was observed. No damage was noted as the storms occurred over rural areas. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure trough, surface heating, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

29). Oct 3, 11:00 AM - Coastal observation of strong winds and high waves on Lake Michigan near the south side of Chicago along Lakeshore Drive. Strong winds gusting 30 to 40 MPH, and waves 5 to 8 feet were observed on the lakefront, crashing over the sea walls in some places. The strong winds were caused by a very large trough of low pressure over the eastern USA and Canada, and strong high pressure to its northwest (mainly affecting coastal NE USA). A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe this wind event. Documentation was digital stills and HD video.

30). Nov 11, 4:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm in rural Monroe County, Iowa near Hiteman / Georgetown and north of Highway 34 and west of highway 5. The storm was an HP supercell storm, and contained a possible embedded, rain wrapped tornado. This area passed just to my west and north, and wet RFD (rear-flank downdraft) winds over 60 MPH (possible gusts over 70) were encountered. The tornado was not visually discernible, but a funnel cloud was observed half way to the ground earlier with this storm to my southwest before RFD wrap obscured it. The storm also contained frequent lightning, strong winds, very heavy rains, and hail up to nickel sized. This storm was part of a broken line of semi-discrete supercell storms that evolved into a powerful, fast-moving squall line afterwards. This line was followed east on 34 until highway 218, where additional severe wind gusts were encountered. Damage observed was some roof damage, trees down, power out, and flooding. The storms were caused by a strong low pressure system, cold front / dryline, warm front, strong upper trough, and meager surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 6 PM CDT.

31). Nov 21, MORNING - Observation of the effects and impacts of a powerful extratropical storm, and heavy snow conditions, in Cook County, Illinois from the NW Suburbs and eastward into the northern Chicago area around Lakeshore Drive. The conditions encountered were winds gusting over 30 MPH with near zero visibility, with blowing and drifting snow. Maximum accumulation was over 16 inches. Some power outages were observed, along with some downed trees from ice accumulation. The snow swath had a very steep gradient from the heaviest snow to almost no snow at all near the Chicago lakefront. Large waves battered the lakefront as well. The conditions were caused by an intensifying extratropical storm passing near and to the south of the Chicago area, with the backside (cold sector) of the storm affecting the area with a large arctic (Canadian) high pressure to its northwest. A strong jet stream and upper trough was also present aloft. A 2009 Ford Escape was used in the observation. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A winter storm warning was also in effect for this area until later that day (November 21).

Summary - This concludes the 2015 chase season. The summary includes a total of 31 chases or observations. Out of these chases, 27 severe thunderstorms were involved, 9 tornadoes (at least one of which was violent), and three winter storm / coastal observations. No hurricanes were intercepted this year. A considerable amount of chasing was done in the central United States (Midwest). A 2009 Ford Escape was used in 30 chases, with a 2013 Ford Focus rental vehicle used in the first winter storm observation.

2). Mar 15, 6:15 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Carthage, Illinois in Hancock County and points east and northeast along Highways 136 and 9 through Good Hope and Bushnell in McDonough and Fulton counties, and eventually through Peoria along Highway 24 in Peoria County. This storm was a powerful HP / classic supercell storm, which produce 3 tornadoes. The first of these tornadoes was observed passing just north of Carthage as a diffuse, rain-wrapped tornadic circulation. The second storm "cycle" occurred in McDonough County near Blandinsville and towards Good Hope, where an extremely powerful RFD surge to 80 MPH was encountered south of another multi-vortex tornado. A low bowl shaped lowering with intermittent ground circulations was observed before rain wrap ensued again. A final possible tornado, in heavy rain and west of Trivoli, IL, was observed as a large and broad funnel at dark. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning, and hail to 2" were observed as well. Winds outside the RFD surges also gusted near 70 MPH. This storm also caused flooding and some damage. The storm passed near Peoria before upscale growth into a powerful MCS / bow segment. The storm was caused by a warm front / cold front occlusion point, strong upper trough, surface heating, and a low pressure area. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

3). Mar 15, 8:30 PM - Penetration of a small severe thunderstorm near I-39 and I-80 in LaSalle County, Illinois. This storm was an elevated severe storm on the backside of a cluster of severe storms associated with an occluded cold front. The storm had winds near 60 MPH and hail up to 1". Frequent lightning, with close hits (one about 100 yards from the roadside), and torrential rains were also encountered. This slightly elevated severe storm was caused by an occluded cold front, strong upper trough, and a low pressure area. Documentation was audio. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

4). Mar 31, 1:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm at an office location in Hoffman Estates in Cook County, IL just north of Interstate 90 and west of Highway 59. This was an unwary observation from a fixed location (office building). The storm was part of a line / cluster of strong thunderstorms, and had an area of weak rotation at one point. Frequent lightning, very heavy rains, 40 MPH winds, and hail to 1/2" was observed with the passage of this storm. The vehicle parked at the location was a 2009 Ford Escape. Documentation was audio and digital stills. The storm was caused by a low-pressure area, cold front, and upper trough.

5). April 15, 8:00 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm that paralleled Highway 54 and to its northwest from near Dalhart, Texas in Dallam and Hartley Counties and points northeastward as far as Hough, Oklahoma in Texas County. The storm was a cyclic classic to HP supercell storm. The core of the storm was not penetrated directly. At least 3 tornadoes were observed with this storm near Eva, Oklahoma in Texas County around 8 PM, CDT from along Highway 412. The first tornado was an elephant trunk, which lasted a few minutes. The second, forming just N of the first was a large stove-pipe tornado lasting about 5 minutes. The third west of the first two (that formed on the forward flank of the mesocyclone), was farther west and became a wedge tornado. This tornado quickly became rain wrapped and view of it was lost as the storm continued to the NE. Very heavy rains, hail to 1" (during indirectly penetrating the storm), lightning, and winds near 70 MPH were encountered as well. The storm inflow SE of the storm was at least 60 MPH, pulling dirt and dust off the ground near Stratford, and ingesting it into the storm main updraft prior to cyclic tornado genesis. The storm core had hail to baseball sized or larger. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with a "stacked plates" effect, inflow / beavers tail features, mammatus, and RFD clear slot. The storm remained over mainly rural areas, with damage being mainly to powerlines. The storm eventually continued NE after dark to the NW of Liberal, Kansas, before weakening and merging with a storm cluster. The storms were caused by a low pressure area, surface heating, strong upper level low, and advancing dryline. A 2016 Toyota Rav4 was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

6). April 15, 11:30 PM - Observation (from a fixed area) of a severe thunderstorm at a hotel in Dalhart, Texas (in Dallam County). This storm was the northern side of an intense supercell storm that passed just SE of my location (off Highway 54). The core of this storm had 60 MPH winds and golfball sized hail. Hail to 1" was observed at my location, with frequent lightning, torrential rains, and winds near 50 MPH. Conditions causing this storm were outflow boundaries, a low pressure area, nocturnal intensification of low-level jet, and upper level low. A 2016 Toyota Rav4 was used in chasing storms earlier, but was parked at the time. Documentation was HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 5 AM CDT the following day.

7). April 16, 1:30 PM - Observation (from a fixed area) of a strong thunderstorm at a restaurant off I-40 on the east side of Amarillo, Texas in Potter County. This storm was part of a developing cluster of strong and severe storms. Very heavy rains, lightning, 40 MPH winds, and copious amounts of marble (1/2") hail were observed with this storm. The sound on the metal roof / patio area of the restaurant (Big Texan) was deafening. Conditions causing these storms were an outflow boundary ahead of a developing dryline, a low pressure area, Pacific cold front, and upper level low. A 2016 Toyota Rav4 was used in chasing storms later this day, but was parked at the time. Documentation was audio.

8). April 16, 5:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm west of White Deer, Texas in Carson County from along Highway 207. The storm was a small supercell storm that developed a strong area of rotation (with rotating updraft, small funnel, and RFD clear slot). Heavy rains, 40 MPH winds, lightning, and small hail were also observed south of this storm. The storm became undercut by outflow and weakened afterwards. Conditions causing this storm were an outflow boundary (ahead of a stalled dryline), a low pressure area, Pacific cold front, and upper level low. A 2016 Toyota Rav4 was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

9). April 16, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from the south of Clarendon, Texas in Donley County along Highways 287 and 273 and near Lelia Lake and towards McLean. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm, forming on the southern end of a line / cluster of strong and severe storms (the "tail-end Charley"). While passing west of Lelia Lake, the storm became very intense, with strong rotation, RFD wrap, and a possible brief tornado northwest of that location. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with well-developed RFD cut and rapidly rotating wall cloud. Winds near 60 MPH (mainly RFD), small hail, lightning, and heavy rains were encountered on the SE fringes of the storm. The storm moved north and eventually weakened north of McLean. The main core with golfball sized hail was not penetrated. Conditions causing this storm were an outflow boundary (ahead of a stalled dryline), a low pressure area, Pacific cold front, and upper level low. A 2016 Toyota Rav4 was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

10). April 17, 12:00 PM - Observation of a winter storm and heavy snow from near Limon, Colorado and into Denver along I-70 and the east side of the Denver suburbs. This was due to a late-season winter storm, and some areas had snow totals exceeding 36 inches! In my areas, about 20 inches of snow was observed, especially towards Denver. Blowing a drifting snow was observed as well, with 40 MPH winds (ground blizzard) off I-70 near Byers and Cedar Point. Although this was the end of the winter storm, and roads were being cleared, some traffic accidents were observed. This was also a heavy wet snow, and weighted tree branches broke off and caused some damage as well / power outages. A 2016 Toyota Rav4 was used to observe these conditions, mainly en-route back to Denver from tornado chasing the past couple of days. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A winter storm warning was also valid for this area.

11). April 25, 5:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm just east of I-39 near Rochelle and Esmond in Olga County, Illinois. The storm was a multicell thunderstorm and was observed while passing to its west while en-route on I-39 southbound. Some 50 MPH gusts, small hail, lightning, and moderate rain were encountered. A hail shaft was noted to the east. The storm also kicked up a large quantity of dust from the farmland. The storms were caused by surface heating, a frontal zone, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

12). April 26, 4:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the west of Wellington, Kansas (near Mayfield) in Sumner County from near highways 81 and 160 and points north to west of I-35 and the southwest side of Wichita. The storm was an HP supercell storm. Near Mayfield, a possible brief tornado was observed. The storm also had a large rotating wall cloud at times. Frequent lightning, 50 MPH winds, heavy to torrential rains, and hail exceeding 1" was encountered while observing this storm, although the main core was not penetrated. The storm moved north and evolved into a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms to the southwest of Wichita. Copious amounts of small hail and flash flooding was observed in those areas. The storms were caused by surface heating, a dryline, low pressure area, and strong upper trough. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the northern portions of the area until 9 PM CDT, with a PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch valid until 12 AM the next day 1n the southern area.

13). April 27, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Shelby County, Missouri from near Shelbina on Highways 36, 15, and route 168 through Emden and points east. The storm was a small classic supercell storm, and produced a tornado that passed just south and east of Emden, Missouri just after dark at about 8:30 PM. The small rural town was spared, but numerous trees were snapped and some out buildings had structural damage (including a small church). No one was injured. As the tornado was observed southwest of Emden, a loud roar could be heard with the sound of trees "cracking" and "metal banging" as it neared the town. A large cone tornado appeared with an impressive RFD wrap visible in the waning daylight. Pressure could be felt in the ears. The core of this storm was also penetrated, and contained frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, and at least quarter sized (1") hail. The strongest winds observed were about 65 MPH, mainly RFD after the tornado passed. The storm also produced large hail (many 1" stones) earlier south of Highway 36 during its LP phase. The storm was caused by surface heating, a warm front, upper trough, and strong low pressure area to the west (low level jet also increasing at dusk). Documentation was digital stills in low light. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

14). May 7, 4:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm from south of Wiggins and Fort Morgan, Colorado in Morgan and Washington counties from near Highways 34 and 71 and eastward to between Akron and Anton along Highway 63. The storm was a cluster of severe thunderstorms, with a supercell storm on the tail end (southern portion of the storm complex). These storms remained over open country, and produced some brief tornadoes and funnels as well (the tornadoes were not directly observed). Strong winds over 60 MPH, very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and golfball sized hail was also observed with these storms. The supercell storm along the line segment had a striking visual appearance and strong rotation. These storms were caused by upslope wind flow, a low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for portions of the area until 7 PM MDT.

15). May 7, 7:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Yuma, Colorado along Highway 34, and into Wray near Morgan County. This storm was observed from a range of 20 to 30 miles at the most intense point, after abandoning the previous storm observed too long above. This was a classic cyclic supercell storm, producing more than 3 tornadoes, one of which struck the northern outskirts of Wray causing damage. These tornadoes were highly visible, and could be seen more than 30 miles away from the storm, especially looking east from near Yuma on Highway 34. At least two of the tornadoes from this storm were observed, despite being farther away (as myself and some storm chasers were also focusing on the cells to the west too long) from other storm chasers who were closer to this cell. The core was not penetrated. Rotating wall clouds and funnels persisted after the storm passed north of Wray and weakened. Damage was observed north of Wray on 385, and it was closed, ending the chase with fuel low. Conditions causing the storm were upslope wind flow, a low pressure area / dryline, upper trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for portions of the area until 7 PM MDT, later extended via a special MCD for this supercell.

16). May 8, 6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Woods County, Oklahoma from near Highway 64 and 281. This storm was a classic supercell storm (which evolved from LP). Strong rotation with a wall cloud, funnels, and a powerful RFD were observed with this storm. A brief tornadic spin up / gustnado near the RFD impacted the chase vehicle (no damage), with blowing dirt and causing my ears to pop! The storm also contained large hail (1" was observed outside the main core), winds near 60 MPH (the gustnado had gusts over 70), frequent lightning, and very heavy rains. The storm was caused by surface heating, a dryline, upper trough, and low pressure area. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also in effect for this area until 9 PM CDT.

17). May 16, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near the Oklahoma / New Mexico border north of Highway 412 / 56 in Cimarron County near Wheeless, and east and southeast to near Highway 385 near Boise City and eventually east and southeast towards Stratford, Texas from along Highway 287. The storm was a powerful classic supercell storm that evolved to HP. This cyclic supercell storm produced at least three tornadoes, two of which were observed (one near Felt, Oklahoma and another along Highway 56 / 412 SW of Boise City). The first was a stovepipe that came out of the rain (looking NE from Highway 56 / 412) then evolved to elephant trunk and roped out after 10 minutes. The second was a cone tornado that lasted about 4 minutes southwest of our location during another storm cycle. The third was barely visible and rain wrapped west of Kerrick, Texas as the storm became highly HP. After that, the storm evolved to a bow segment and merged with an MCS (storm cluster) as it neared Stratford. The storm core was not directly penetrated, but had hail to baseball sized. Golfball sized hail was observed from our positions with this storm, which left some dents on the vehicle. The storm also contained torrential rains, 70 MPH wind gusts, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm also had a striking visual appearance with many inflow bands and striations. These storms were initiated by upslope wind flow and surface heating. They were sustained by a low pressure area, upper trough, stationary front, and advancing dryline (triple point). Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2016 Toyota Yaris was used to observe the storms. A severe thunderstorm and tornado watch were also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

18). May 22, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Groom, Texas along Interstate 40 in Carson County. This storm was the left split of a developing supercell storm of which its southern component eventually became tornadic. Mainly large hail was observed from an I-40 underpass, with pieces ranging from quarter to golfball sized. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 45 MPH winds were also observed with this storm. Conditions causing these storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and dryline. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

19). May 22, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm southwest of highway 287 in Hall County, Texas to the southwest of Memphis and near Lakeview. The storm was a cyclic HP supercell storm, forming on the south end of a cluster of severe thunderstorms. This storm developed intense rotation, and at least three large tornadoes were observed with this storm (cone with a small satellite and multi-vortex that nearly became wedge dimensions before becoming rain wrapped). These tornadoes fortunately occurred over open country. The storm also contained extremely heavy rains, causing flash flooding. Frequent lightning with close hits, winds gusting over 60 MPH (especially inflow), and hail up to tennis ball sized was observed with this storm. Conditions causing these storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and dryline. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

20). May 23, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm to the north of Hedley, Texas in Donely County to the northwest of Highways 287 and 203. This storm was an LP supercell storm. Large hail to golfball sized, 30 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and light rain was observed with this storm. The storm undergone downscale development and dissipated after a few hours. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, dryline, and upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

21). May 23, 9:00 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the southeast of Turkey, Texas in Hall County and east of Highway 70 along county road 656. The storm was an HP / classic supercell storm. This supercell had a striking visual appearance, and multiple funnels were produced. The storm back-built to the northwest after dark, and intensified significantly. A large tornado was observed south of my location on 656 at about 9:30 CDT. This was a multivortex / cone tornado, mainly lightning illuminated. This tornado moved southeast, then turned north, and moved northwest! Winds gusting from 80 to 100 MPH with torrential sideways rain and hail to tennis ball sized were encountered at this time. The tornado evolved to a wedge tornado, then crossed the road to my east, then a large cone tornado to my north before lifting. Frequent lightning with close hits was also observed with this storm. The storm also caused flash flooding, but the tornado remained over open country. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, dryline, and upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

22). May 24, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from north of Mineola, Kansas to and past Dodge City in Clark and Ford Counties from along Highway 283. This thunderstorm was a violent cyclic classic supercell producing multiple tornado "families". The storm developed to the northwest of Mineola and moved to the northeast, barely missing the western portions of Dodge City. The core of the storm, containing extremely large hail (one report had 5 inch hail, larger than a compact disc) and strong winds, was not penetrated. The storm produced at least 8 tornadoes with multiple cycles, and was observed from initiation to dissipation south of Jetmore, Kansas. The tornadoes were pretty much all varieties: stove pipe, elephant trunk, multiple vortices, cones, even a truncated wedge! Even more spectacularly, there were times when there were two (twins), or even three, tornadoes on the ground simultaneously (usually one from the original mesocyclone still on going, with a new tornado on the next new cycle)! The tornadoes remained mostly over open fields, and thankfully passed west of Dodge City, damaging mostly outbuildings. The supercell storm had an impressive and striking visual appearance (like an "upside down wedding cake" and striations). One of the last tornadoes onserved was even anticyclonic (revealed with time-lapse footage)! Frequent lightning with some close hits was also encountered, with isolated 1" hail stones falling in 50 to 60 MPH inflow. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, dryline / boundary interactions, and upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT the next day.

23). May 24, 10:00 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Pratt, Kansas in Pratt County along Highway 54 / 400. This storm was a multicell severe / HP supercell storm. Very heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, hail up to half-dollar (1.5"), and winds gusting over 60 MPH. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure trough, boundary interactions, and upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was audio. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT the next day.

24). May 25, 6:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near El Dorado, Kansas in Butler County near Highways 254 and 77. This storm was an LP supercell storm, with an impressive "barber pole" updraft, and striking visual appearance despite its small size. The storm core was small and probably had 1" hail, but was not penetrated. The storm undergone downscale evolution and basically evaporated after a couple of hours. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a dryline, low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, time-lapse, and digital stills. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM CDT.

25). May 25, 8:30 PM - Long-range interception, observation, and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and violent cyclic long-track thunderstorm from near Abilene, Kansas and I-70 in Dickinson County. This storm was first observed from a 100 mile distance, with an overshooting top (probably to 60,000 feet) and a long-range intercept was done given the fact that is was in a great environment for tornadoes, despite SPC outlooks. When the storm was finally intercepted east of Abilene, a large and violent wedge tornado, up a mile and a half wide, was observed at close range west of Chapman and crossing I-70. This was an extremely powerful tornado, which was supposedly on the ground for a staggering 90+ minutes! Damage observed was trees debarked and ground scouring. The tornado did extensive damage to anything it hit. In addition, 70 MPH winds, tennis ball sized hail, frequent lightning, and horizontal rain was encountered with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a dryline, low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, time-lapse, audio, and digital stills. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9PM CDT.

26). May 26, 7:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm from Bucklin to near Protection along Highways 34 and 183 in Ford and Comanche Counties. The storm was an HP supercell storm, developing on the southern end of a line segment. The main core of the storm was not penetrated, but contained 2" hail and strong winds. The storm became undercut by outflow and later weakened near Greensburg in Kiowa County. The storm had a striking visual appearance with a "stacked plates" effect during its most intense phase. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10PM CDT.

27). May 27, 4:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from southwest of Braman in Kay County Oklahoma and northward into Sedgwick County, Kansas near Highway 81 and I-35. The storm was an HP supercell storm. Frequent lightning, very heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and hail to 1.25" were encountered with this storm. The main core had hail to baseball sized, and was avoided as I had my front hail guards removed at the time. Some funnels were also observed, one with a large wall cloud, before these storms became outflow dominant. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a dryline / Pacific cold front, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10PM CDT.

28). May 28, 5:30 PM - Observation of strong to severe thunderstorms in eastern Iowa and western Illinois near I-80 and from Davenport in Scott County and eastward across the Mississippi River into Rock Island County. The storm was a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms, with some transient supercells. The cores were not directly penetrated, but heavy rains, small hail, frequent lightning, and winds gusting near 60 MPH were encountered east of Davenport on I-80. These storms were encountered during the end of this chase trip and en-route to the Chicago area. These storms were caused by an advancing Pacific cold front, surface heating, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape SUV was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 9PM CDT.

29). June 22, 7:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Lee County, Illinois near Highway 52 around Amboy and towards Mendota. The storm was an intense HP supercell storm, which contained rain wrapped tornadoes. One of these possible multiple vortex tornadoes were observed in poor visibility from the north in powerful easterly winds (gusting over 70 MPH). The storm contained winds gusting over 70 MPH, small hail, frequent lightning with some close hits, and torrential rains. The storm had a large, wet RFD. Damage was observed near Mendota, particularly to power poles, signs, and trees. Some roof debris and sheet metal was noted across the roadway in some cases. Power was also knocked out and there was flooding. The storm also had a striking visual appearance (stacked plates and striations) looking north or west. This storm was eventually abandoned for another supercell storm to the southwest. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, warm front, and upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 1 AM CDT the following day.

30). June 22, 9:00 PM - Observation and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in LaSalle County Illinois from Highway 23 between Ottawa and Troy Grove, and southeastward to near Seneca and Morris on Highway 6 south of I-80. This storm was also a large HP supercell storm. The storm produced several confirmed tornadoes, one weak one observed west of Ottawa, and another significant one near Seneca along Highway 6 at around 9:05 CDT. This was a very large cone tornado, almost a wedge, illuminated by lightning. The storm produced very intense and frequent lightning with many close hits, small hail, torrential rains, and winds gusting near 80 MPH (mainly FFD). The large tornado near Seneca destroyed a house, powerlines (power flashes observed), and flattened crops before evolving to a stove-pipe, then roping out and becoming wrapped in rain. The storm was abandoned as it passed south of Morris, however, a possible tornado was observed again from 30 miles distance as the storm was passing well to the south near Odell and Pontiac while attempting to photograph lightning. This storm also had a very striking visual appearance, much of which was revealed by the continuous lightning. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, warm front, and upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 1 AM CDT the following day.

31). July 23, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of strong to severe thunderstorms from near Woodstock in McHenry County, Illinois near I-90 and later to a fixed location near Lawrence and California Avenue in the north side of Chicago in Cook County. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms, initially with some embedded supercells. The storms had slight rotation but became outflow dominant quickly. Heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and frequent lightning with some close hits were observed. Some tree damage and flooding was noted in the Chicago area, with power out in a few places. The storms were caused by surface heating, a stalled frontal boundary, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

32). July 24, 6:00 PM - Observation of strong to severe thunderstorms from near Foster Avenue and North Broadway while stuck in traffic west of Lakeshore Drive on Chicago’s north side in Cook County, Illinois. The northern side of the storm was penetrated and contained winds gusting near 60 MPH, small hail, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm was a multicell cluster of severe thunderstorms. Some flooding and tree damage was observed, with power out in a few places. The same storm caused a platform collapse on a local train station farther to the west. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a stalled frontal boundary, and an upper trough. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storms. Documentation was audio.

33). Sept 1, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of a category one hurricane (Hermine) in the Florida "Big Bend" / panhandle area, mainly from Tallahassee and south through Alligator Point / Saint James in Leon and Lee Counties. The hurricane was intercepted and northern portion of the eye penetrated by late night on September 1-2. Strong winds, gusting near 80 MPH, extremely heavy rains, and storm surge at least 8 feet above normal tide levels was observed, particularly in the Alligator Point area in Lee County coastal areas. Severe erosion and road washouts were observed, with large, battering waves moving large rocks and seawall concrete blocks (weighing 5-10 tons) ACROSS the coastal road! Power was knocked out in many areas, with roofing damage, tree damage, and major damage to Gulf / beach front property. Most of the "target" area was evacuated. A pressure of just over 986 mb was measured in the eye in near calm winds and very high water levels just before midnight on September 1. The storm was intercepted using a 2016 Nissan Versa rental. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio. A hurricane warning and tornado watch were also in effect for the area throughout the chase period. The storm caused 5 fatalities and about 550 million dollars in damages.

34). Sept 19, 4:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm near SW 10 Street and Military Trail from a stationary location in Broward County, Florida. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong to severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and winds gusting over 60 MPH. Tree damage, power outages, and some sugns blown down were also observed. The storm was caused by a weak low pressure trough, surface heating, and seabreeze / boundary interactions. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. A 2009 Ford Escape was used to observe the storm.

35). Oct 4, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from near Kingman, Kansas and points east and northeast to the northwest of Wichita, Kansas in Sedgwick County, from along Highway 54 / 400 and east of I-135 and Park City. The storm was a supercell storm which started out as a classic supercell. The storm evolved to an HP storm near Wichita, with a very striking (stacked plates) visual appearance, rotating wall cloud and funnels, and intense (green shaded) hail core / vault on its northern FFD side. The storm was not directly penetrated during its intense phase, where hail reports of over 2" occurred in Sedgwick County. Winds gusting over 65 MPH, hail to 1", frequent lightning, and torrential rains were encountered with this storm. A brief tornado also may have been observed near Maize, Kansas, bit has not been officially confirmed. Some flooding, power outages, and tree / sign damage was also observed with this storm. These storms were caused by a dryline, Pacific cold front, a low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Ford Fiesta rental was used to observe the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for portions of the area until 9 PM CDT.

36). Oct 6-7, ALL-NIGHT - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a category three / four hurricane (Matthew) in the Florida "Space Coast" area, mainly in Brevard County from Cocoa Beach to Cape / Port Canaveral. The hurricane was a powerful category 3 (even 4) storm, that passed just to the east of my location during its path from the Caribbean to the Carolinas. The storm effects were observed from the evening of October 6, overnight until the late morning of October 7. The storm eye itself did not make landfall, but the left (western) eyewall of the major hurricane brushed the east-central Florida coast. Conditions observed during the closest approach of the storm were torrential (and horizontal) rains with winds gusting near (or even exceeding) 100 MPH. Some street flooding and storm surge was also observed, but the surge was not that bad due to the "glancing" path of the storm to the NNW. The storm also had concentric eyewalls, and the western sections of the outer eyewall were observed. Damage was mainly to trees, signs, and powerlines (many power flashes were documented). Some roof damage was also noted. Chaser / meteorology student Derek Sibley also accompanied me on this chase. The storm was intercepted using a 2016 Jeep Wrangler. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio. A hurricane warning was also in effect for the area throughout the chase period. Damage totals from Matthew were over 16 billion dollars and a death toll of 605 people (most of which when the storm passed by Haiti).

Summary - This concludes the 2016 chase season. The summary includes a total of 36 chases or observations. The summary includes a total of 31 severe thunderstorms, 2 strong thunderstorms, 2 hurricanes, and a winter storm. Out of all the thunderstorms, a total of 32 tornadoes were observed. The main chase vehicles in these observations was a 2016 Toyota Rav4 SUV rental in 5 of observations, a 2016 Toyota Yaris rental in another, a 2016 Ford Fiesta rental in another, a 2016 Nissan Versa rental in a hurricane chases, and both a 2009 Ford Escape SUV and 2016 Jeep Wrangler in the remaining 28 observations. This information was prepared exclusively for the National Weather service and the team of Skywarn storm spotters.

2). Mar 14, 1:00 AM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm from a private residence in Deerfield Beach, Florida just west of I-95 in Broward County. The storm was part of an overnight line of strong and marginally severe storms ahead of a cold front. Some reports of tree damage and even a waterspout offshore of southern Palm Beach were associated with this line of storms. At my location, winds gusting around 45 MPH, heavy rains, and frequent lightning was observed. Conditions causing the storms were a cold front and low pressure trough. Documentation was digital HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was indirectly used in this observation.

3). March 23, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm in Oldham / Potter County, Texas and west of Amarillo along Interstate 40. The storm was a supercell storm developing on the south side of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but most likely contained large hail. Conditions encountered were occasional lightning, some rain, and strong winds gusting near 60 MPH. Dust was kicked up making it difficult to see the storm structure, but striations and the RFD clear slot was noticeable. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure system, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

4). March 24, 8:30 PM - Observation of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm along I-20 and west of Marshall in Harrison County, Texas. The storm was a multicell segment of storms that acquired a pronounced bow structure after passing by. Very heavy rains, lightning, and winds near 45 MPH were encountered with this line segment. A possible tornado also developed in the northern portion of this bow segment from Marshall and northeastward. This would have been entirely rain wrapped and not visible in daylight anyway. Conditions causing the storm were a pacific front (overtaking a dryline), low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 3 AM CDT the following day.

5). March 26, 1:00 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm from Chickasha, Oklahoma in Grady County and near Highway 81. The storm was part of an elevated complex of strong and severe thunderstorms. Light to moderate rain, occasional lightning, and pea to dime sized hail was observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were a low level jet and strong upper trough. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

6). March 26, 5:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Tatums, Oklahoma to near Byars and Konawa, and in Garvin and McClain counties near Highways 19, 133, and 59. This storm was a classic supercell storm. The core was not directly penetrated but hail in excess 2" (most stones were smaller and quarter sized) was observed on the edge of the hail core, causing minor damage to the vehicle. An isolated hail stone to tennis ball sized was also noted smashing into the road. A low wall cloud and funnel was noted near Pauls Valley. A developing weak tornado was briefly visible with this storm south of Konawa looking northwest from Highway 3W. The storm also contained heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and frequent lightning. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

7). March 26, 7:00 PM - Observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the east of Ada, Oklahoma in Ponotoc County near Highway 48 north of Lula. The storm was an LP to classic supercell thunderstorm. The storm had a striking visual appearance, appearing as a "spaceship" with striated updraft and vault, when viewed from the east. A well documented tornado was also observed with this storm as well north of Lula. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but contained hail exceeding baseball sized. Impact sounds from the hail (sounded like gun shots) could be heard to my northwest on the edge of the hail core at 1-2 mile distance! Largest hail at my location was widely spaced quarter sized, along with frequent lightning, light rain, and 50 MPH winds (mainly inflow). The tornado itself was a cone funnel that evolved to a long rope that wrapped around a portion of the wall cloud. This feature remained over rural areas and did no damage. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

8). March 26, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong thunderstorm to the southwest of Coalgate, Oklahoma along Highway 31 in Coal County. This storm was part of a multicell line of strong and severe storms. Frequent lightning (with some close hits), torrential rains, 50 MPH winds, and small hail were observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a pacific front (overtaking a dryline), low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

9). March 28, 3:30 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm to the west and northwest of Matador, Texas in Motley County and near Highways 62 and 70. The storm was a slightly elevated HP supercell storm. A large slowly rotating wall cloud was observed with some small funnels and possible a brief weak tornado. The storm was in very poor visibility and was undercut by cooler air and in an environment of more stable air. The core (containing golfball sized hail) was not penetrated. Lightning and moderate rain was encountered. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

10). March 28, 4:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm to the south and southwest of Guthrie, Texas and west of Highway 83 in King County. This storm was a powerful HP supercell, with a wall cloud that rapidly rotated and occluded. When viewed from the east and northeast, looking WSW, a brief tornado was observed with dust and tagging rain curtains before being obscured by (wet) RFD rain wrap (descending reflectivity core). Small hail, 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and torrential rains were also observed while proceeding southward through the RFD winds as the storm was completely rain wrapped. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

11). March 28, 6:00 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Haskell County, Texas near Highways 277 and 6 from Stamford to east of Haskell. The storm was part the "tail end Charley" cluster of supercell storms at the southern end of a messy cluster of supercells arcing along a dryline bulge. One supercell in this cluster (there were three with the strongest tornadic one in the middle) was a cyclic supercell storm. A large stove pipe tornado was encountered with this storm once clearing the precipitation core from the north (I managed to miss the large hail) through the south side of Stamford. Fortunately, the tornado missed the town. The storm was followed north and east around Lake Stamford and it subsequently became outflow dominated northwest of Throckmorton, Texas. Strong winds to 70 MPH, small hail, and frequent lightning was also observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

12). March 29, 2:30 AM - Observation of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm off I-35 at a stationary location (hotel) in Denton, Texas in Denton County. The storm was part of a line of strong and severe thunderstorms moving through the area. Heavy rains, small hail, frequent lightning, and winds to near 60 MPH were encountered. Conditions causing the storm were a low pressure trough, upper trough, and low level jet. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was involved with chasing these storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 4 AM CDT.

13). March 29, 7:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm near De Kalb in Bowie County, Texas and along and to the north of Highway 82. The storm was a low topped LP supercell with a flared out base, corkscrewed updraft, and core of small hail. The storm core was not encountered. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2017 Hyundai Accent was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

14). April 19, 5:15 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a very severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Cass County, Nebraska to the southeast of Lincoln, and near Eagle along Highway 34. The storm was a classic supercell storm developing in a line segment of strong and severe storms. A large area of rotation, and possible tornado was noted looking west and approaching the storm from the east. The storm weakened but a rotating wall cloud was noted near Manley along SR 1. The core of this storm was not directly penetrated, but had hail up to 2". Penny sized hail, 50 MPH winds, heavy rains, and occasional lightning was noted during my encounter with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a Pacific front (overtaking a dryline), low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

15). April 19, 7:30 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm from Otoe County, Nebraska along Highway 75 and SR 2 and eastward into Fremont and Page Counties, Iowa towards Bedford. The storm was a small HP supercell embedded in a line segment. A wall cloud and hail core was observed with this storm before it became outflow dominant and weakened into a line segment. The core was not directly penetrated. Lightning, heavy rains, small hail, and 50 MPH winds were encountered. Conditions causing the storm were a Pacific cold front, low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

16). April 20, 10:30 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm to the northwest of Vernon, Texas and southwest of Altus, Oklahoma near and south of the Red River along Highway 283, mainly in Wilbarger County, Texas. The storm was one of a few intense elevated supercell storms (north of a stationary front to the south). The core of this storm was not directly penetrated, but contained hail to tennis ball sized (with vertically-integrated liquid / VIL of ~80)! Penny sized hail, heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and frequent (nearly continuous) lightning with many close hits was encountered with this storm. The storm also had a striking visual appearance (lightning illuminated) with "stacked plates" when viewed from the east. Conditions causing the storm were a stationary front, low pressure trough, upper trough, and intensifying low level jet. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 5 AM CDT the following day.

17). April 21, 9:00 AM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm in Lawton, Oklahoma in Comanche County near I-44 and SR 7 from a stationary location. The storm was the southern end of a line segment of severe thunderstorms. The storm gust front struck; with winds gusting over 60 MPH. Sporadic lightning and heavy rain was also observed after the passage of the gust front surge. Blowing dust and some light debris was noted blowing around. Conditions causing the storms were a low pressure trough, surging outflow boundary, upper trough, and low level jet. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to observe the storms. Documentation was audio and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 12 PM CDT the following day.

18). April 21, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm from near Durant, Oklahoma and eastward on Highway 70 to the west of Hugo and near Bennington in Bryan County. The storm was a classic supercell storm, which evolved to HP and later down-scaled to a weak line-segment at dusk. The storm core was not penetrated but probably contained very large hail. A large wall cloud and funnels were also observed with the inflow region of this supercell. The storm also had sporadic lightning and a striking visual appearance ("stacked-plates"). Conditions causing the storm were a prefrontal wave, Pacific cold front, low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 1 AM CDT the following day.

19). April 25, 7:30 PM - Interception and observation of severe thunderstorms from near Burbank to Pawnee in Pawnee County, Oklahoma along Highway 64 and points eastward. The storm started out as a small supercell strong storm, which back-built and evolved into a storm cluster, with an embedded HP supercell. The mail hail core was not penetrated (contained hail to golfball sized). Small hail, 60 MPH winds, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning was observed with this storm. A wall cloud was also noted, but quickly occluded as the storm weakened. Conditions causing the storm were a Pacific cold front, low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 2 AM CDT the following day.

20). April 25, 10:00 PM - Interception and observation of severe thunderstorms to the southwest of Tulsa, Oklahoma near I-44 and Sapulpa in Creek County. The storm was an HP supercell storm that was on the southern end of a line segment of severe thunderstorms. The storm quickly evolved to a cluster of strong and severe storms. The core was not directly penetrated. Frequent lightning and heavy rains were observed. Small hail (pea to dime sized) and 50 MPH winds were also encountered at a stationary location near Sapulpa. Conditions causing the storm were a Pacific cold front, low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 2 AM CDT the following day.

21). April 26, 4:00 PM - Observation of severe thunderstorms from east and southeast of Texarkana mainly in Lafayette and Columbia Counties in Arkansas, from near I-30 and southward to near Highways 82 and 371. The storms were part of a line of strong and marginally severe storms. Heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, sporadic lightning, and small hail were encountered in some of these areas. Conditions causing the storm were a Pacific cold front, low pressure trough, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 5 PM CDT.

22). April 29, 6:00 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm in Van Zandt County, Texas between Eustace and Tundra and west of SR 19 and southeast of Mabank. The storm was an HP supercell storm, the middle one in a cluster of three supercells. A brief view of a multivortex tornado was noted looking southwest as the storm occluded, meanwhile a stronger violent tornado was on-going to the WNW (rated EF-4). A brief glimpse of the edge of the EF-4 tornado (that tracked from Eustace to the west of Canton) was noted barely visible through the rain and hail. The core was not directly penetrated, but hail to golfball sized was observed with 65 MPH winds and torrential rains. The storm also produced frequent lightning with some close hits. The tornado quickly became obscured in rain and damage was mainly to trees. Conditions causing the storm were a prefrontal convergence ahead of a Pacific cold front, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

23). April 29, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and violent tornadic thunderstorm in Van Zandt County, Texas from near Tundra along SR 19 and north ands east into Canton and eventually Fruitvale. The storm was violent classic supercell storm, and was the southern storm in a cluster of tornadic supercells. The storm produced a highly visible and well documented wedge tornado just east of SR 19 and northward across I-20. The storm also had a striking visual appearance. The tornado hit parts of Canton and Fruitvale, Texas causing deaths and destruction (probably EF-3 or higher damage). Many homes and businesses, including a car dealership, were completely destroyed. Cars also mangled and flipped. High tension transmission lines were also downed by the tornado with a very loud roar noted. The wedge tornado was 1/2 a mile, and maybe as wide as a mile. Frequent lightning with close hits, isolated hail to golfball sized, torrential rains, and winds gusting over 70 MPH (RFD) were also encountered with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a prefrontal convergence ahead of a Pacific cold front, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

24). May 10, 4:30 PM - Interception and direct penetration of a very severe (and briefly tornadic) thunderstorm from north of Matador, Texas on ranch road 94 in Motley County and north and eastward through Childress County along Highways 62 and 287 east-southeastward to near Quanah, then north and northeastward on Highway 6 to near Altus in Jackson County, Oklahoma. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. There was a report of a weak / brief tornado on this storm west of Baker, Texas. The possible tornado was not observed. Passage was done through the storm core and "hook". Hail up to tennis ball sized (2.25") was encountered, with most stones 2". An isolated stone to 3" (baseball sized was seen smashing into the roadway). 60 to 65 MPH winds, torrential rains, and frequent lightning were also observed with this storm. Once east of the storm, a large RFD clear slot, rotating wall cloud, and striking ("stacked plates") visual appearance was noted looking WNW at the supercell. The hail guards were installed for this chase on the Jeep. No windows were lost. The hood was severely dinged by the larger hail-strikes. A small crack was noted in the windshield from a stone that bounced off the roadway. Other vehicles were severely damaged by the hail. Trees had some leaves shredded. Some trees and signs were blown down, and power knocked out. Severe flooding was observed near Altus, Oklahoma, as the supercell storm evolved into a complicated MCS of severe thunderstorms. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, stationary frontal boundary, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

25). May 10, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe (and also briefly tornadic) thunderstorm from near Odell and Chillicoth in Wilbarger county, Texas west of Highway 283, then back towards 287 to near Oklaunion, Texas then north on Highway 183 through Davidson and Frederick in Tillman county, Oklahoma then east on SR 5 to near Chattanooga. The storm began as an LP supercell storm southwest of Odell, Texas, and evolved to a classic supercell, then eventually undergone up-scale evolution to an HP storm, and finally a line segment / large MCS after dark. A possible weak and dusty tornado was observed near and north of Davidson, Oklahoma while along 183 south of Frederick. The storm also contained hail to 2", winds gusting near 70 MPH, torrential rains, and frequent lightning (with some close hits). The storm had a striking visual appearance, especially during its early stages. The storm also had a pronounced RFD clear slot and wall cloud before becoming outflow dominated later in its life cycle. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, stationary frontal boundary, low pressure area, upper trough, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, and HD video. A tornado watch was valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

26). May 11, 3:30 PM - Interception and direct penetration of a very severe (and briefly tornadic) thunderstorm from east of Kingfisher, Oklahoma in Logan County and Highway 77, and eastward through Guthrie and Perkins along SR 33 in Payne County, then to Cushing and west of Tulsa in Pawnee County and near Highway 64. The storm was an HP supercell storm that ended as a complex line segment by the end of the period (late afternoon) near Tulsa. A very brief tornado / gustnado occurred with this storm near Perkins, then later after we abandoned the storm well to the northeast of Tulsa near Owasso. The tornadoes were not observed. A spectacular gust front / shelf cloud (as well as undercut RFD cut and wall cloud) were observed with the storm during HP to bow-segment evolution. Extremely large hail was encountered in the core of the HP supercell, with some stones noted to 2.25" (tennis ball sized) and hail drifting from smaller stones on the roadside. The storm also backed winds exceeding 70 MPH, lightning, and violent rain. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline / Pacific front, stationary frontal boundary, low pressure area, upper level low, and surface heating. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

27). May 11, 7:30 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm near I-35 and on the south side of Oklahoma City in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma. The storm was a small elevated LP supercell storm in a small line segment of strong thunderstorms. The storm contained small hail, light to moderate rain, 30 MPH winds, and occasional lightning. The storm had a very striking visual appearance (with striations and a "stacked plates" presentation) when viewed from the ENE. Conditions causing the storm were very cold air aloft, associated with an upper-level low, surface heating, and post-frontal (elevated) forcing in the mid-levels. The storm developed over an area of cool temperatures and winds from the NW. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

28). May 14, 4:30 PM - Observation of a strong to marginally severe thunderstorm in Potter County, Texas along Highway 87 / 287 between Dumas and Amarillo. The storm was a marginal supercell storm with a high base that evolved to a line segment. The storm produced light to moderate rain, occasional lightning, small hail, and winds gusting near 60 MPH (mainly in small microbursts). Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a lee surface trough, and a dryline. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

29). May 14, 6:30 PM - Observation of strong to severe thunderstorms from near I-24 in Potter County, Texas eastward to Armstrong County through the Palo Duro Canyon near Wayside and SR 207 northward to near Claude. The storm was a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The storms were also high based, and produced light to moderate rain, frequent lightning, and winds gusting near 60 MPH. The core of the storm was not penetrated directly, and a large hail shaft was visible over the canyon back-drop. A small high-based funnel was also observed with a cell that aqcuired LP characteristics near Claude. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a lee surface trough, and a dryline. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

30). May 15, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe, and later possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Stinnet in Hutchinson County, Texas and northeastward towards Spearman in Hansford and Ochiltree Counties along SR 207 and eventually from near Highway 83. The storm was a classic supercell storm, and a large funnel cloud / possible tornado was observed late in the storms life cycle at roughly 9:15 PM looking NW from Highway 83 towards Waka, Texas. The storm had a very striking visual appearance during its mature stages, with a "stacked plates" appearance, and impressive RFD clear slot as well. Hail up to 2" was also noted on the side of the road behind the storm core, which was not directly penetrated. Torrential rains, 60 MPH winds, and frequent lightning were also observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, a surface trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

31). May 16, 3:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Perryton in Ochiltree County, Texas and northeastward into Beaver County, Oklahoma along Highways 83 and 270. The storm was a classic supercell storm with a possible tornado observed during its early life to the northwest of Perryton, Texas. The storm produced another funnel cloud and evolved to HP mode as it entered Beaver County, Oklahoma. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but likely contained large hail and strong winds. The storm had a striking visual appearance as well, with wall cloud and RFD cut. The storm eventually evolved to a line segment and weakened after 4:30 PM. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline / Pacific front interactions, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

32). May 16, 5:30 PM - Interception, penetration and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Wheeler, Texas in Wheeler County along Highway 83 and south to near Twitty. The storm was an HP supercell with a powerful rain wrapped tornado, and a wide (1/2 mile or so) damage path was observed along Highway 83 south of Wheeler and north of Twitty. Power poles and lines were snapped and across the road, with some debris scattered (roofing material and trees). When the storm was penetrated from the north, rapidly shifting winds (north to west) were noted on the south side of Wheeler with winds approaching 75 MPH. Dime to isolated quarter sized hail, torrential rains, and frequent lightning was also observed. The tornado was rain wrapped and despite being close to our location, not visible. One person was killed in this storm. This was the same supercell and tornado that produced the more visible tornado near McLean, Texas earlier during its classic phase. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

33). May 16, 7:00 PM - Interception, penetration and observation of an extremely severe and potentially violent tornadic thunderstorm from the southwest of Elk City, Oklahoma and southeast of Erick in Becklham County and northeastward to near Thomas in Custer County along SR 152, I-40, and eventually near Highway 183. The storm was an extremely severe HP supercell storm, and produced a large and destructive tornado that caused one death and damage in Elk City, Oklahoma. We approached the storm from the west, and eventually the western circulation of the tornado itself, passing through the intense supercell core and hook region. Extremely heavy rains, and copious amounts of 2" hail, with isolated baseball and even softball sized hail smashing / bouncing across the road - With the alarming silhouette of the developing wedge tornado in front of us on SR 152! The storm also contained frequent lightning (with some close hits). Winds in this area gusted over 100 MPH, especially in rear inflow jets / RFD on the backside of the tornado. A roof and debris (from a steel building disintegrating) was observed airborne off 152 with violently shifting winds as the tornado was highly rain wrapped. Damage in Elk City also was extensive, and debris was noted falling from the sky in RFD winds southeast of there near I-40. The storm continued to the NE into Custer County, Oklahoma and weakened / evolved to a line / bow segment near dusk. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

34). May 18, 3:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm from near Fargo, Oklahoma to Fort Supply in Harper County, and along SR 46 to Highways 64 and 183. The storm was a classic to HP supercell thunderstorm. A rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm, but it quickly evolved to a line segment and weakened due to storms developing south and southeast of it. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, frequent lightning, 60 MPH winds, and small hail. The main core was not penetrated. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

35). May 18, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Woods County, Oklahoma near Camp Houston along Highway 64. The storm was an HP supercell storm with a possible rain-wrapped tornado in progress as it was penetrated from the west. A funnel cloud developing and disappearing into rain was observed, with an area of strong rotation / dust being lofted as the weak tornado developed and lifted north (in poor visibility). Hail to 1", strong winds to 60 MPH, very heavy rains, and frequent lightning was also observed when penetrating this storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

36). May 18, 5:15 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Woods County, Oklahoma along Highway 281 and between Avard and Waynoka. The storm was a classic and cyclic supercell storm. A large cone (or even wedge tornado) was observed with this supercell looking southwest from near Avard. The tornado evolved to multi-vortex and then a large wall cloud. Another wall cloud and large funnels developed as the storm cycled. The funnel formed from the new mesocyclone while the tornado near Waynoka was still in progress. The storm also had a very striking visual appearance (with "stacked plates" presentation). This supercell evolved to LP through downscale growth and weakened northwest of Alva. The storm core was not penetrated (contained at least 2" hail), but light rains, 40 MPH winds (inflow), and frequent lightning was observed. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, boundary interactions, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

37). May 18, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorms from west of Custer City and near highway 183 and SR 33 west of Putnam and Arapaho in Dewey and Custer Counties. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms, formed by two supercells evolving to HP and merging ahead of the dryline. A large funnel was observed on the forward flank of the storms west of Putnam, as well as a large shelf cloud towards the southern portion of the storm complex. The cores were not penetrated. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 45 MPH winds were encountered. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A PDS (particularly dangerous scenario) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

38). May 19, 1:00 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm near Graham and Archer City, Texas in Archer County and along Highway 79. The storm was an elevated supercell storm at the end of a line segment of strong and severe thunderstorms. The supercell storm was HP in nature, but still north of a boundary separating rain cooled air from earlier storms to its north. The storm had an impressive shelf cloud associated with its gust front. The core (containing golfball sized hail) was not penetrated. Frequent lightning, 40 MPH winds, and light rain were encountered passing the storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, outflow boundaries, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

39). May 19, 6:30 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm west of Voss, Texas and near the CH Ivie Reservoir in Concho County and east of Highway 83. The storm was and HP supercell and part of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The storms were outflow dominant. A rotating wall cloud was also observed before the storm got undercut. The core was not directly penetrated, which contained hail at least 2". Frequent lightning (with some close hits), heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, and small hail was encountered with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, outflow boundaries, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

40). May 21, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation a very severe (and possibly tornadic) thunderstorm near McAlister and House in Quay County, New Mexico near SR 206 and 156. The storm was a classic supercell storm, and several large lowerings were observed on its southern side. The storm had a large rotating wall cloud, and several funnels, one of which might have touched down as a weak tornado. The storm core (with hail at least 2") was not penetrated, and the storm was viewed from the east. Frequent lightning, light to moderate rain, and 30 MPH winds was encountered east of the storm and away from the core. The storm was over rural areas. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a stationary boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough (NW flow aloft). A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

41). May 22, 5:00 PM - Interception and observation a strong thunderstorm over rural areas of Roosevelt County, New Mexico and west of Highway 70 near Delphos and Portales. The storm was a small LP supercell. Conditions encountered were occasional lightning, light rains, 30 MPH winds, and hail up to penny sized. One CG lightning bolt started a grass fire in an open field after it hit. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a stationary boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 8 PM MDT.

42). May 22, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation a very severe thunderstorm from west of Delphos and Kenna, New Mexico in Chaves County along and near Highways 70 and 285, and ultimately eastward along Highway 380 east of Roswell. The storm was an intense LP to classic supercell storm. The storm had a very striking visual appearance during all stages of its lifecycle, including RFD, hail shafts, rock-hard updraft, and rotating high-based wall clouds. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but contained large hail to at least 2". Copious amounts of quarter sized hail was noted along Highway 380 behind the storm. Other conditions were winds over 50 MPH (with dust), light rain, and frequent lightning. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a stationary boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 8 PM MDT.

43). May 25, 3:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from Yuma County, Colorado eastward to near Saint Frances, Kansas along Highway 36 and near Highway 385. The storm was a powerful classic to HP supercell storm. The storm core contained hail to baseball sized. Hail up to golfball sized was observed in the hook of the storm near the intersection of Highways 385 and 36. Much of this hail accumulated on the ground do a depth of a few inches. A weak tornado was observed looking eastward from Highway 385 to the northwest of Hale / Bonny Reservoir and east of Idalia. The tornado was weak, lasted roughly 5 minutes, and remained over an open field. A rotating wall cloud was observed exiting the storm core to the northeast later. The storm also contained 65 MPH winds, torrential rains, and frequent lightning. The storm also had a striking visual appearance, with the base resembling a "cinnamon roll" and the weak tornado under it. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a stationary boundary, a low pressure lee trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

44). May 25, 6:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Colby, Kansas along I-70 and southeastward to near Trego Center south of Wakeeney near Highway 283 in Gove and Trego Counties. The storm was an HP supercell storm. A possible tornado occurred with this storm near Oakley, but was rain wrapped and not visible. Strong winds gusting over 80 MPH were encountered east of Oakley on I-70. Torrential rains, quarter sized hail, and frequent lightning with close hits was also observed. Power poles were snapped and some structural damage occurred near Oakley. Flying tree debris was also noted blowing across I-70. Once east of the storm, before being undercut by outflow, the storm had a striated inflow appearance and large wall cloud with RFD clear slot on its southern side before weakening. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, boundary interactions, a low pressure lee trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

45). May 26, 5:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from Arapahoe county near Byers, Colorado via I-70 and Highway 36, then eastward through Washington and Yuma Counties to near Idalia, then eventually (via Highways 36, 385, and I-70) into Kansas near Goodland in Sherman County. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. Several penetrations were made on the storm, including a hook slice into the "bear’s cage" north of Anton, Colorado. Very large hail, with numerous 2" (and possibly to tennis ball sized) was encountered with this storm. Heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, and frequent lightning were also encountered. A possible tornado was reported near Idalia, but it was low contrast and not visible from my vantage point. The storm had a very striking visual appearance, with striations, RFD cut with funnels, and dramatic "stacked plates" appearance. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, boundary interactions, a low pressure lee trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 8 PM MDT (9 PM CDT).

46). May 27, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and thunderstorm from near Pawhuska in Osage County, Oklahoma, eastward along Highway 60 through Nowata and Washington County to near Adair. The storm was a classic supercell that evolved to HP, then weakened to a line segment. A wall cloud was observed with the storm early in its life, with a striated "barber pole" updraft. Hail to 2" was encountered while going through the core of the storm near Nowata. The storm also contained frequent lightning (with some close hits), heavy rains, and 50 MPH winds were also encountered. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, upslope wind flow, dryline / boundary interactions, a low pressure area, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT (the following day).

47). June 12, 4:00 PM - Interception, indirect penetration, and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Goshen County, Wyoming near Fort Laramie, along Highways 26 and 85. The storm was a classic to HP cyclic supercell storm. A large rotating wall cloud and striking visual appearance was observed with this supercell, along with a few tornadoes (one a significant stove-pipe type) observed west of Highway 85. The tornadoes were not highly visible. The storm also contained grapefruit sized hail, frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 60 MPH winds. The core was not directly penetrated, and hail to golfball sized was encountered near Fort Laramie. Little damage was noted as the storm remained over open country. Conditions causing the storm were upslope wind flow, a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM MDT (9 PM CDT).

48). June 12, 6:30 PM - Interception, indirect penetration, and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Banner County, Nebraska near Harrisburg, along SR 71 south and SR 88 east. The storm was a cyclic supercell storm that had a long history of producing significant tornadoes (along a swath from NE Colorado and into Nebraska). The final tornado this storm produced was observed while heading south on SR 71 north of Harrisburg. The storm evolved to HP mode after this, with an impressive visual appearance. The core was indirectly penetrated, and quarter sized hail, 60 MPH wind gusts, heavy rain, and frequent lightning was encountered. The storm contained grapefruit sized hail in its core earlier, and one of the tornadoes destroyed a house. Conditions causing the storm were upslope wind flow, a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM MDT (9 PM CDT).

49). June 13, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm southwest of Plankington, South Dakota in Aurora County, and from near CR 23 to I-90 and near 281 to the north and east. The storm was an HP supercell storm. A large gustnado was observed with this storm as it was near I-90 and before it became outflow dominant. Strong winds to 60 MPH, frequent lightning, quarter sized hail, and heavy rains were also encountered with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline / Pacific cold front, a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

50). June 13, 5:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Stickney, South Dakota in Aurora County to Davison County and near Mitchell, and from Highway 281 to SR 37 via I-90 east. The storm was an intense HP supercell storm with very strong rotation as it was being undercut (again) by outflow. A rotating area with tagging rain curtains was observed near Stickney. The storm also contained quarter sized hail, frequent lightning, 65 MPH winds, and torrential rains. The storm evolved to a line segment, and this was followed as far south as Alexandria near SR 25. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline / Pacific cold front, a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

51). June 13, 8:30 PM - Penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from near Bow Valley, Nebraska in Cedar County, along SR 57. The storm was a line segment of strong and severe thunderstorms. An intense portion of the line was penetrated when back-tracking due to road construction and the area coned off by SR 12. Extremely heavy rains, frequent lightning, heavy and thick hail to 1" (quarter sized) covering the ground, and winds gusting over 70 MPH. Trees were downed along side the vehicle, with a portion of the tree striking the vehicle and breaking off the HAM radio antenna. The storm caused tree damage and power out in many areas as it continued southeastward through Sioux City. This made finding a hotel there very difficult due to wind damage. Conditions causing the storms were a dryline / Pacific cold front, a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 1 AM CDT the following day.

52). June 14, 5:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Hunnewell, Missouri in Marion County near Highway 36, and southward along SR V to near Highway 24 and Stoutsville. The storm was an HP supercell storm that evolved to a line segment after being undercut by strong outflow. An RFD clear slot, rotating wall cloud, and funnel was also observed with this storm during its early stages. Heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, and frequent lightning was also encountered. Conditions causing the storm were a stationary front / outflow boundary, a low pressure trough, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 8 PM CDT.

53). June 15, 5:00 PM - Interception, observation, and direct penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Lacross, Kansas in Rush County to near Great Bend in Barton County, and along highways 28 / 281 to near Highway 56. The storm was a supercell storm that initiated earlier west of Russell, Kansas. A rotating wall cloud, or even a brief tornado was observed when this storm was first encountered during its early stages and before it split. Later the main southern split was directly penetrated while caravanning with other chaser Dan Shaw and Don Sanderson to report hail sizes. During the core penetrations of the supercell, large amounts of golfball sized hail, with larger 2" (and even one stone to 2.5" baseball sized) also observed. Winds up to 45 MPH, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were also encountered. A wall cloud and RFD was also noted with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were a stationary front and dryline "triple point", a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 7 PM CDT.

54). June 15, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Saint John, Kansas in Stafford County along highways 50 and 281. The storm was a supercell storm that started as a classic / HP storm, then evolved to a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms near Pratt, Kansas. I was caravanning with chaser Dan Shaw and Don Sanderson on this storm. Hail up to 2", 65 MPH winds, heavy rains, and frequent lightning were all encountered in this storm. At dusk, north of Pratt, and incredible display of mammatus was also observed from SR 61 while Dan gave me a spare antenna to replace the broken one I had. Conditions causing the storm were a stationary front and dryline "triple point", a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 2 AM CDT the following day.

55). June 16, 5:00 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Madison, Nebraska in Madison County near Highway 81 and SR 91, and southeastward to near Schuyler in Colfax County and Highway 30 off SR 15. The storm was an HP supercell storm. A possible brief tornado was barely visible early in the storms life cycle near Madison, before intense rain wrap ensued. Winds gusting near 70 MPH, frequent lightning, torrential rains, and small hail was encountered. The storm became outflow dominant near Schuyler. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline, low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

56). June 16, 7:30 PM - Observation and penetration of extremely severe thunderstorms from near Columbus, Nebraska in Platte County, and southeastward past Saline County to the SW of Lincoln, and through the Beatrice area in Gage County. The storm was followed via SR 15 out of Columbus to SR 33 / 103 to near Beatrice, and Highway 77 back into Kansas to north of Manhattan in Riley County! The initial stage of this storm complex was an HP supercell near Columbus that became outflow dominant and pushed rapidly southeastward thereafter. The storm merged with an LP supercell storm west of Lincoln, briefly producing funnel clouds. The storm complex, now with an embedded mesocyclone, continued southeastward towards Gage County after dusk, with extreme-damaging (derecho / XDW) winds exceeding 100 MPH. The strongest winds encountered with this system were about 70 MPH. Numerous trees down, wind damage, and power poles snapped were observed near Beatrice, making getting through there nearly impossible. Hail to quarter sized, torrential rains, and CONTINUOUS lightning (many close hits as well) were also encountered. At times the lightning was so frequent (more than 10 flashes per second), that if you turned off your headlights you could still see clearly, as if you were in a nightclub. Flash flooding and wind damage was observed in Beatrice, with power out in most areas. Conditions causing the storm were a dryline / outflow boundary interactions, low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

57). June 17, 7:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Memphis, Missouri in Scotland County, along and near SR 15 and Highway 136. The storm was initially an HP supercell storm, but became outflow dominant and evolved to a cluster of storms as it spread southeastward to near Williamstown. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but contained hail up to baseball sized. Conditions encountered were 60 MPH wind gusts, heavy rain, small hail, and frequent lightning. Downed trees blocked some roads, and I used the vehicle mounted winch to clear a tree off SR A to allow passage. Power was also out in some areas. Conditions causing the storm were a stationary front / outflow boundary, a low pressure trough, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 1 AM CDT the following day.

58). Aug 25-28, ALL-DAYS - Interception, observation, and penetration of a major category 4 hurricane, from its point of landfall near Rockport, Texas in Aransas County near Highway 35 on the 25th and 26th, and its subsequent transition to a catastrophic flooding event across the Houston, Texas area from late on the 26th through the 28th. Hurricane "Harvey" made landfall near the Rockport and Fulton area during the late night of August 25th and moved inland on the 26th as a category 4 hurricane, with sustained winds of 130 MPH with higher gusts. The storm was observed near the coastal areas of Aransas County and the main core (eye and eyewall of the storm) at the Marriott Courtyard in Rockport. Frequent lightning was observed in the eyewall of this storm. Wind damage was extensive in Rockport and Fulton, with up to 40% of the buildings there destroyed. Flooding, from both storm surge and fresh water was severe near Port Aransas and east on Highway 35 (impassible) between Tivoli and Fulton. Flooding also extended quite a ways inland. The Marriott hotel in Rockport where other major hurricane chasers (Brett Adair, Reed Timmer, Josh Morgerman, Mike Theiss, etc) were also at, suffered extensive damage, with one side of the hotel collapsed, part of the roof torn off, and water leaking and dripping from the 4th floor all the way to the first. The calm eye was also encountered, with stars visible overhead and the eyewall illuminated by lightning and presenting a "stadium effect"! Pressure in the eye was measured at 938 MB. Power was also knocked out with many power poles, signs, and trees down. Later on, as Harvey moved inland and stalled / meandered for a few days, over 60 inches of rain fell over the Houston area. A tornadic supercell storm was also encountered late in the day near Houston, Texas on the 26th. Its subsequent tornado was not observed. I observed extreme flooding from the 27th to the 28th from near Hobby Airport area (South Houston) northward to near Spring, Texas. Downtown was impassible and flooded in most areas. I-10 was underwater in many areas. A raging torrent was noted near Shepherd Drive west of Houston late on the 27th from the Buffalo Bayou in flash flood conditions. Water was also flowing across, and spilling over the median barrier in Spring, Texas late on the 28th while heading north on I-45. Hurricane Harvey caused the worst flood in USA history, with rainfall totals near Houston as much as 62 inches! This storm caused about at least 125 billion dollars in damages (costliest tied with hurricane Katrina in 2005) and at least 107 deaths. A 2017 Nissan Versa was used to chase this storm. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. Hurricane, tropical storm, and flash flood warnings were also in effect for these areas. Tornado watches were also issued.

59). Sept 10, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of a major category 3 to 4 hurricane in the Naples and Marco Island area in Collier County, Florida near Highway 41 and south along Collier Blvd. Hurricane "Irma" made its final landfall in this area, coming ashore in Marco Island during the afternoon of September 10 after a long and devastating rampage from the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Cuba, and the FL Keys (between category 4 and 5 most of the time). The core of the storm, with the powerful forward-right inner eyewall and calm eye, was observed from a parking structure at the Gulfview Club and Beach Resort. The storm had concentric eyewalls at landfall, but was weakening from category 4 to category 3 (120 to 130 MPH winds with higher gusts) during its final landfall. Occasional lightning was observed in the eyewall of this storm, with one close hit during the height of the eyewall winds. A barometric pressure as low as 937 MB was measured inside the eye of this storm. Extensive tree, powerline, and sign damage occurred with this storm. Some roof damage was observed, with a destroyed trailer park (most buildings in Marco Island are designed for category 5 ratings). Street flooding from storm surge was extensive in Marco Island, as well as near the coast in Naples, particularly during the second half of the storm - Where the winds blew on shore from the west. Before the storm, with strong winds from the east - Just the opposite happened. Below normal ("Negative" surge) waters were observed, with the normally submerged sea floor west of the Gulf beaches exposed (fish and jellyfish seen on the exposed "ground"). Some marinas and bays were also observed nearly or completely empty of water! The wind damage extended well to the right of the landfall path, affecting areas on the FL east coast as well, and causing the largest power outage in FL history. The storm caused a total of 134 deaths and over 77 billion dollars in damages. Chaser / meteorology student Derek Sibley also joined me on this chase. A 2009 Jeep Wrangler was used the chase this hurricane. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. Hurricane and flash flood warnings were also in effect for these areas. Tornado watches were also issued.

60). Sept 19-24, ALL-DAYS - Interception, observation, and penetration of a major category 4 to 5 hurricane in Puerto Rico from near El Negro (Palmas Del Mar) / Humacao along Highway 30 with the core of the storm observed in Caguas, Puerto Rico near Highways 1 and 52. Hurricane "Maria" slammed into Puerto Rico early on September 21, after a destructive path a day earlier across Dominica as a category 4 / 5 storm with windspeeds ranging from 155 to 175 MPH. After the primary interception of the storm in Caguas, subsequent aftermath and flooding observations continued, particularly in a corridor from San Juan to Fajardo along Highways 37 and 26 (into Highway 3). Massive southeasterly swells were observed near El Negro late on the 19th, with increasing winds and rain. The core of the storm, including the edge of the eye and right eyewall, was observed at a parking structure at the Las Catalinas mall in Caguas during the early morning of September 20. Winds here, possibly affected by mountainous terrain, and gusted to 150 or 160 MPH. The storm was weakening from a category 5 to a 4 as it made its landfall, tearing its way diagonally across Puerto Rico from ESE to WNW, and exiting a day later off the NW tip of Puerto Rico as a category 3 storm. This track also put San Juan on the powerful right side of the storm. Damage observed was buildings totally destroyed (unless they were concrete - with those losing roofs or all the windows), power poles and signs destroyed, and extensive flash flooding. Winds and rain let up as the eye brushed Caguas (sky brightened a bit) but was followed by an extensive period of whiteout horizontal and violent rain with maximum winds. A pressure of 947 MB was measured, but not when I was near the eye. Frequent lightning was observed in the eyewall of this storm. Roads were impassible in many areas, and even trees and vegetation was noted stripped off mountains! Flooding, lack of power, and no phone or data became the main problems after the storm from the 21st onward. The airport in San Juan was heavily damaged, and all flights cancelled. I met up with other hurricane chasers: Brett Adair, Brandon Clement, and Caleb Elliott late on the 21st, staying with them at the Condando Vanderbilt hotel in San Juan (one of a few with generator power, food, and water) until we left on a humanitarian flight out of there on September 24. Power and data services can be out for 6 months in many areas after this storm - Which was the worst to hit Puerto Rico in about 85 years. The NWS Doppler radar was also destroyed during the storm SW of Caguas on the 20th. Hurricane Maria's death toll was appalling, with 3,059 people killed. Damage was nearly 92 billion dollars. A 2017 Hyundai Elantra rental was used to chase the storm. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. Hurricane and flash flood warnings were also in effect for much of the time.

61). Oct 7, ALL-DAY - Interception, observation, and penetration of a category 1 hurricane near Ocean Springs and Biloxi Mississippi in Harrison County, mainly along Highway 90. Hurricane "Nate" made landfall in the Biloxi area just before midnight on October 7. The storm had a small area of winds - Mainly confined to the primary convective cell in the right-front quadrant of an eyewall segment. Chaser and meteorology student Derek Sibley also joined me on this chase, as he was close to the target area (he is staying in Mobile, Alabama). Winds sustained at 50 to 60 MPH with extremely heavy (horizontal) rains and occasional lightning was observed in a small area just before entering the calmer eye. Gusts to 80 MPH were encountered. Signs, trees, and powerlines were damaged or destroyed. A significant storm surge was also observed on the east side of Biloxi, particularly near Biloxi Bay and the Golden Nugget Casino. This was from 5 to 8 feet above normal, blocking Highway 90 and flooding the first floor of the casino. Breaking waves and rushing water were observed in the common / parking areas, with cars floating and electrical connections popping. After the calm eye, where a pressure of 984 MB was measured, winds from the west and southwest resumed at 50 to 60 MPH gusts - But drier. Hurricane Nate caused about 787 million dollars in damages and killed 48 people. A 2009 Jeep Wrangler was used the chase this hurricane. Documentation was audio, digital stills, and HD video. Hurricane and flash flood warnings were also in effect for these areas. Tornado watches were also issued.

Summary - This concludes the 2017 chase season. The summary includes a total of 61 observations, out of which there were 51 severe thunderstorms, 6 strong thunderstorms, and 4 hurricanes. Out of these thunderstorms, as many as 24 tornadoes were observed, with at least 6 of them being significant and / or destructive. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used in 47 of the chases. Two 2017 Hyundai Accents, both nearly identical, were used in 11 chases in late March. A 2017 Hyundai Elantra and 2017 Nissan Versa, both rentals, for 2 of the hurricane chases. One observation in early February did not involve a chase vehicle. All entries for the logs above are for the local time zone unless otherwise noted. This information was prepared exclusively for the National Weather service and the team of Skywarn storm spotters.

2). Mar 18, 4 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm north of Huntsville and near Meridianville in Madison County, Alabama and along Highway 231. The storm was a high precipitation supercell storm, which initiated much farther west earlier near Courtland west of Decatur in Lawrence County and was followed east on Highway 72 and through Huntsville via I-565. The storm was fast moving. The core of the supercell was encountered near Meridianville and contained 60 MPH, frequent lightning, heavy rains, and hail to golfball sized (covering the ground at a gas station off Highway 231). A low area of rotation was also observed with this storm, but no tornadoes developed. Conditions causing the storm were a warm front, surface heating, low pressure trough, and upper trough. Documentation was still photos and digital HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

3). Mar 18, 6:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from west and through Russellville in Franklin County Alabama along Highway 24 and east and southeast through Moulton and Cullman along Highway 157 and ultimately near Summit in Cullman County and Highway 231. The storm began as a powerful classic supercell that evolved to HP near Russellville as it turned right (moving ESE). The main core of the storm was not penetrated, but contained hail to at least baseball sized (with record breaking hail sizes exceeding 5" near Cullman). The storm had a striking visual appearance as well, with rapidly rotating wall cloud and striated updraft and vault to the right when viewed west of Russellville. The storm produced a rain wrapped tornado that caused damage in Russellville. This tornado was barely visible from the east on Highway 24 looking towards Russellville. The storm continued rapidly east and southeast and a split occurred near Brooksville and ultimately caused another tornado that hit Jacksonville, AL. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, small hail (main core avoided), frequent lightning with close hits, and winds near 60 MPH (mainly inflow and RFD). This is the same storm that caused extreme hail near Cullman, where a record breaking (AL state record) hailstone of 5.25" fell! Conditions causing the storm were a stationary front / outflow boundary, surface heating, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was still photos and digital HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A PDS (particularly dangerous situation) tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

4). Apr 10, 4:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Fort Lauderdale, Florida in Broward County from near Interstate 95 and Sunrise Boulevard and eastward to near A1A along the coast. This main storm as a supercell thunderstorm, unusual for southern Florida, which exhibited classic to HP structure. A separate strong thunderstorm (also a transient supercell) farther north near Pompano Beach sent out an outflow boundary later enhancing the main supercell storm. An area of low and rotating clouds was observed from about a 5 mile distance, almost to the ground, making this a tornado observation (tornado was confirmed as a weak tornado near Fort Lauderdale). The storm had a pronounced radar "hook" signature and velocity couplet, and rather impressive visual structure with RFD clear slot and rotating wall cloud. Viewing offshore, a large cone / waterspout was observed well to the northeast of Fort Lauderdale beach as the storm merged with a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms. Approaching the supercell storm in a timely manner was very difficult due to rush hour traffic. Conditions encountered other than the observed tornado were extremely heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, small hail, and frequent lightning with numerous close hits. The tornado caused minor damage. Some tree damage and flooding was also observed as well. Conditions causing the storms were a stalled front / sea breeze / boundary interactions, surface heating, low pressure trough, and upper trough. Documentation was audio and digital stills. A friend of mine, Ray Lin, also accompanied me on this unexpected chase. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

5). Apr 15, 8:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Wellington and Royal Palm Beach in Palm Beach County, Florida near State Road 7 and Highway 98 (Southern Boulevard). This storm was an HP supercell storm, developing ahead of a squall line of storms crossing south Florida. A low rotating wall cloud and small funnels were observed with this storm. The main core was not penetrated, and winds of 50 MPH, heavy rains, small hail, and frequent lightning was encountered. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, cold front, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

6). Apr 24, 4:30 PM - Observation of strong to severe thunderstorms just offshore of Boynton Beach / Manalapan, Florida in Palm Beach County. The storms were the southern end of a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms. One storm on the southern portion of this MCS briefly acquired supercell characteristics before moving off shore and out of visual sight. A wall cloud, RFD clear area with descending motion, and frequent lightning was observed from near A1A over the ocean looking to the northeast. The storm also had a large shelf cloud associated with its gust front. The storm had rotation on radar (with a small hook and velocity couplet). The core of this storm was not penetrated. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, cold front, sea breeze activity, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

7). April 30, 6:15 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm from near Memphis and Wellington, in Collingsworth County, Texas and along Highway 287 and SR 256 and northward on Highway 83 to near Shamrock. The storm was a multicell storm that evolved to a supercell, which ultimately split. The right split weakened with the left split becoming a sculpted LP (low precipitation) supercell that raced northeastward to near Shamrock, Texas, where it weakened via down-scaling Conditions encountered were heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, 1" hail, and frequent lightning. The storms were caused by a dryline, surface heating, low pressure trough, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

8). May 1, 5:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe and later tornadic thunderstorm north of Russell, Kansas in Russell County, from along Highway 281 and to south of SR 18 near Waldo. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm, but it was abandoned for a better second supercell to the south. Eventually this storm will move NE and produce a large tornado near Concordia. The core was not penetrated, but contained hail at least golfball sized and 60 MPH winds. Heavy rain, small hail, and frequent lightning was encountered. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline / stationary front interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

9). May 1, 7:30 PM - Interception, observation, and direct penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near NW 150 Road and Highway 281 in Hoisington, Kansas in Barton County and northeastward to Ellsworth near I-70 and Highway 14, and eventually into Ottawa County east of Tescott and south of Minneapolis near SR 18 and Highway 81. This storm was a powerful cyclic supercell, mostly classic mode. The storm was first encountered around 6:15 PM near Hoisington and east of Otis, Kansas, and 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, moderate rain, and extremely large hail between baseball and grapefruit sized (at least 3") were observed. The large hail damaged the HAM antenna on the chase vehicle, bending it almost in a loop and breaking the base (the hail guards protected the windows as intended). The storm also had a rotating wall cloud and a funnel was observed near Hoisington. The storm cycled down and was tracked to the north of Ellsworth, where a small tornado (rated EF-0) was observed near SR 14 and just south of I-70 at about 7:00 PM. Continuing east on I-70 and north to SR 18 to the east of Tescott, and very large and dangerous tornado was observed over open country between 7:30 and 8 PM CDT. This tornado was rated EF-3, with a maximum width of 1/2 a mile. The entire life cycle of this wedge tornado was documented at close range, until occlusion and demise to the SW of Minneapolis, KS and NW of Bennington. Within this tornadic environment, some light debris was noted falling from the sky, with hail bouncing by exceeding 2" and 70+ MPH winds (inflow jet and RFD) with eventual heavy rain wrap. The storm also had frequent lightning and a striking visual appearance, with an appearance of an "upside down wedding cake" or "stack of plates", inflow beavers tail, and with full RFD cut with the wedge tornado beneath it. Fortunately this tornado remained over rural country. Power poles along SR 18 were snapped, and ground scouring was also noted. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline / stationary front interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

10). May 2, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from east of Cordell, Oklahoma and Highway 183, and eastward along Highway 152 through Binger in Caddo County and southeastward to NW of Chickasha and south of Minco along Highway 81. The storm was an HP supercell storm, and produced only some brief tornadoes (and / or gustnadoes). The storm was penetrated, and small hail (penny sized), 60 to 70 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were observed. The storm eventually split and evolved to a damaging bow segment with wind over 70 MPH during the late evening after passing Chickasha and eventually south of the Oklahoma City area well after dark. Flooding and tress down was observed with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

11). May 3, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm from near Tarkio, Missouri in Atchinson County near Highways 59 and 136 and eastward to near Bedford in Taylor County, Iowa near SR 148. The storm was a small supercell storm, starting out in classic mode with a wall cloud and weak rotation, evolving to HP, then a bow segment. The core of this storm was not directly penetrated and 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning, small hail, and heavy rains were encountered. An area of rotation was noted, with an RFD slot and wall cloud, but did not last long. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, wave apex of cold and warm front, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

12). May 3, 7:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near New Virginia east of I-35 in Warren County, Iowa and northeastward to Marion County near Swan and Pleasantville and SR 5. The storm began as a classic supercell, with striking visual appearance, RFD cut, rotating wall cloud, and funnels in Warren County. Later the storm changed from classic to HP mode, and eventually to a bow / line segment as the squall line from the west caught up with it. A possible brief low contrast tornado was observed with this storm northwest of Pleasantville and SR 5 (later confirmed) with a wall cloud. The bow segment of this storm had an impressive looking multi-tiered shelf cloud. During penetration, 60 MPH winds, hail to 1", frequent lightning, and very heavy rains were observed. The storm continued eastward and evolved to a line segment. Some flooding and tree damage was observed as well. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, warm front, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was audio and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

13). May 9, 4:30 PM - Interception and penetration of strong to possibly severe thunderstorms in Livingston and La Salle Counties, Illinois and near SR 23 and 179 from SW of Streator and west of Dana. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong to marginally severe thunderstorms. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, small hail (less than pea sized), and winds gusting near 60 MPH were observed. The storm also kicked up dust with passage of the gust front. The storm continued east and northeast, eventually forming a line, and causing minor wind damage in the Chicago area (I did not, and it's basically impossible to, follow the storm into the metro areas during rush hour). The storm was caused by surface heading, a weak cold front, low pressure trough, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

14). May 17, 5:30 PM - Observation of strong thunderstorms to the west and northwest of Fort Morgan, Colorado near I-76 and SR 144 near Morgan County. The storms were high based multicell storms. Light rain, frequent lightning, and winds near 50 MPH kicking up dust was observed. The main cores were not penetrated directly. Some gustnadoes were also observed. The storms were caused by surface heating, upslope wind flow, convergence (associated with the DCVZ / Denver cyclone and lee trough), and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid just north of this area until 11 PM MDT.

15). May 18, 7:30 PM - Observation of a very severe thunderstorm to the northwest of Scott City over Logan County, Kansas near Russell Springs and west of Highway 83. The storm was an LP supercell storm that evolved to a classic supercell and finally a line segment as other storm cells to the south cutoff the inflow to it. The core was not penetrated (had 2" hail). The storm had a striking visual appearance with striations and inflow tails. From my vantage point, 40 MPH winds, light rain, and frequent lightning was observed. The storm remained over open country during much of its life. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline, stationary front (triple point), and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid just north of this area until 11 PM CDT.

16). May 18, 9:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Gove and Sheridan Counties, Kansas along I-70 east of Oakley and west of Grainfield. The storm was a powerful supercell that evolved from classic to HP mode. The storm was very difficult to reach on time due to a massive traffic jam on I-70 thanks to dozens of foolish drivers seeking shelter under the Gove 24 overpass and blocking all lanes illegally. Large hail to 2" was observed in this area, with 60 MPH winds, extremely heavy rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. A rotating area was encountered near Grainfield with a low base and wall cloud / small funnels in twilight. Gusty shifting winds were encountered in this region. The storm had a striking visual appearance as an HP storm when viewed from the east near Quinter. Baseball sized hail was also reported (2.75") with this storm. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, retreating dryline, stationary front / outflow boundary, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, audio, and digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid just north of this area until 11 PM CDT.

17). May 19, 4:30 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms from near Independence, Kansas through Oswego in Montgomery and Labette Counties along Highway 160 and farther east into Missouri. The storm began as a supercell storm near Washington County, Oklahoma, with a possible tornado (not observed), before moving northeastward into Kansas. The storm was not observed at that point, and this was a long range intercept. The storm evolved to a multicell cluster and when it was reached, had 60 MPH winds, small hail, frequent lightning with close hits, and very heavy rains. The storms evolved to a loosely organized MCS that moved across much of Missouri and making the drive along I-44 (from near Springfield, Missouri to Sullivan) very unpleasant. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, prefrontal convergence, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid just north of this area until 10 PM CDT.

18). May 25, 4:30 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms near Tama, Iowa in Tama County and near Highways 30 and 63. The storm was a weakening multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. The weakening core was penetrated before having a flat tire and having to change it at a gas station south of Tama off 63. Small hail, 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were observed. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and a weak upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid just north of this area until 10 PM CDT.

19). May 27, 6:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms near and south of Roscoe and Ogallala, Nebraska in Kieth County and near Highway 30 / SR 61 and south of I-80. The storm was a cluster of severe thunderstorms, with a supercell storm for a short while. Hail to 3/4", 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains were observed. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and a weak upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid just north of this area until 9 PM CDT.

20). May 28, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of extremely severe thunderstorms in Kit Carson County, Colorado between I-70 and Highway 36 and north of Seibert. The storms were a complex interaction of a supercell storm and flanking line extending along a surface boundary, with at least a dozen tornadoes produced during a period of less than 2 hours! The entire life cycle of these storms were documented, from initiation to weakening / evolution to a squall line. These tornadoes were landspout type tornadoes, however, some were quite large with stove pipe dimensions, similar to that seen in Wray, CO in May 2016. The tornadoes at one point were multiple, with two (or even three) on the ground at the same time. Two large stove-pipe landspouts (highly visible and photogenic) were observed north of Seibert, with one rotating counter clockwise and the other anti-cyclonic and rotating clockwise, with intermittent quarter to golfball sized hail falling in a near rain free environment. Besides the tornadoes, hail up to golfball sized was observed, along with frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 60 MPH winds. The supercell storm also had a striking visual appearance and complex structure. The only damage observed was downed powerlines along a farm road from one of the tornadoes. Farther east, the storms were sampled again as a squall line west of Burlington, Colorado. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, upslope wind flow, a low pressure area, upper trough, and complex surface boundary interactions. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also valid until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT) for the area.

21). May 29, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from Highway 64 and Highways 183 / 34 in Selman, Oklahoma in Harper County and eastwards to near Waynoka and Highway 281 in Woods County, Oklahoma. The storm was a long track supercell storm, and most of its life cycle was documented from point of initiation and eventually down-scaling eastward. It started out as classic then evolved to an HP supercell. The mail core (with tennis to baseball sized hail) was not penetrated during its intense phases. As the storm weakened, 1" to 1.5" hail was noted with frequent lightning, 60 MPH winds, and very heavy rains. Two brief tornadoes were observed with this storm near Waynoka, Oklahoma. One was a thin brief rope, with a brief cone tornado to its southwest as the storm cycled. During the earlier stages of the storm, a striking visual appearance was presented, with rapidly rotating wall cloud and funnels, and intense stream-wise vorticity issuing into the NE side of the storm updraft. Damage from this storm was minimal in Waknoka from the small tornadoes there. Conditions causing this storm were a triple point (dryline and outflow boundary interaction), a low pressure area, surface heating, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, audio, and digital stills. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

22). May 29, 9:30 PM - Penetration of a severe thunderstorm along Highway 412 in Woodward County, OK and near Mooreland. The storm was a weakening severe storm on the backside of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered while passing through the storm were very heavy rain, frequent lightning, 1" hail, and 60 MPH wind gusts. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, low level convergence / retreating dryline, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms.

23). May 30, 7:30 PM - Interception and penetration of extremely severe thunderstorms from near Clayton and Sedan in northeastern New Mexico by SR 102 and 402 in Union County and ultimately through Spearman, Texas in Hansford County near SR 15. The storm was a combination of a line segment with an LP storm on its southern side, which split and down scaled. The left split evolved to a powerful HP supercell storm and moved east into the Texas Panhandle, then evolved to a destructive wind event / bow segment. This supercell storm had hail at least tennis ball sized, and was noted along side of Highway 54 northeast of Startford with a semi truck overturned. As the storm moved east and evolved to an HP storm / line segment, winds eventually gusted near 80 MPH with power out and poles down across SR 15. The storm also contained extremely frequent lightning and torrential rains. The storm also caused wind and hail damage. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. Two severe thunderstorm watches were valid for these areas, one until 10 PM CDT and the other farther east until 5 AM CDT the following day.

24). June 1, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms from near Wood Lake to Ainsworth in Brown County, Nebraska and near Highway 20 and 183. The storm was a supercell storm that evolved to HP, then a line segment / cluster of severe thunderstorms. A large wall cloud was noted on the HP storm before it became rain hidden. The core (with hail up to 2.5") was not directly penetrated, but hail up to 1.5" was noted with frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 50 MPH winds. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure area / trough, Pacific cold front / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

25). June 1, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms from near Taylor and points eastward towards Burwell in Loup and Wheeler Counties, Nebraska and east of 183 and near SR 91 / 11. The storm was an LP supercell storm that down-scaled then cycled back up to an HP storm, and ultimately a line segment. The storm spawned a couple of funnels, plus a possible brief tornado viewed from the east later on near Highway 281 (probably looking towards Ord, Nebraska). During the indirect brush with the storm core, 1" hail, frequent lightning, 50 MPH winds, and moderate rains were encountered. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, Pacific cold front, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

26). June 11, 5:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Highways 77 and 275 in Dodge County, Kansas near Nickerson and from Snyder to Fremont. The storm was a supercell storm that was observed from initiation and evolved from classic to HP before being undercut by a surging cold front. The storm developed along a SE to NW oriented boundary / confluence axis. A possible brief tornado was observed before rain wrap and an rapidly rotating wall cloud to the northwest of Fremont, Nebraska. This storm had a striking "stacked plates" visual appearance. The storm also contained very large hail, 60 MPH winds, heavy rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Hail from 1" to 1.5" was noted north of Fremont during the tornadic phase of the storm before it was undercut. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, Pacific cold front / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

27). June 11, 7:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Cass County, Nebraska along Highway 75 near Murray. I arrived late on this storm during its HP phase, and observed a large wall cloud north of Murray before it became undercut by the surging cold front and evolved to an intense line segment. The storm produced a brief tornado earlier, which quite possibly was noted while 20 miles away from the storm looking towards the SSE from southwest of Omaha. The storm was penetrated from the northeast side, and small hail, 60 to 70 MPH wind gusts, heavy rains, and frequent lightning was noted. The storm evolved to a line segment / cluster and had a striking visual appearance, even after it became undercut with strong outflow. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, Pacific cold front / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

28). June 12, 7:30 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a severe thunderstorms near Laverne and Buffalo, Oklahoma west of Highway 183 and along Highway 64 in Harper County. The storm was an HP supercell storm. Some rotation was noted on the south / inflow side of the storm, with some small funnels observed. The storm also contained large hail (with pieces 1.25" observed), very heavy rains, frequent lightning, and 60 to 70 MPH winds. Some tree damage and power poles were blown down, blocking a portion of Highway 64. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, outflow boundary / stationary front interactions, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

29). June 13, 7:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Yuma, Colorado in Yuma County near SR 59 and Highway 34. The storm was a transient supercell storm / multicell cluster with a high base. Large hail to 1" or 1.25" was noted east of Yuma on Highway 34. The storm also had 60 MPH winds, heavy rains, and occasional lightning. The storms were caused by surface heating, upslope wind flow, a low pressure trough, stationary front, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

30). June 14, 7:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Tolley in Renville County, North Dakota and eastward along SR 5 and 17 to near Cando in Towner County. The storm was a long track supercell storm that developed on the southern tip of a severe thunderstorm complex moving across southern Canada and near the US / Canadian border. The storm was HP / classic at times, and a powerful area of rotation and possible brief tornado was observed with this storm northwest of Willow City. The storm also contained very large hail, but the core was not directly penetrated. Hail up to 2" was observed, along with heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and 60+ MPH winds. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, approaching Pacific cold front (prefrontal), and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was HD video, audio, and digital stills. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

31). June 15, 4:30 PM - Interception and observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm near Wheeler, Wisconsin and over Dunn / Chippewa Counties to the north of I-94 and west of Highway 53 near SR 64. The storm was a classic to even LP supercell storm, with a moderately high base but striking visual appearance (stacked plates or "mothership" effect). The storm was tornado warned but did not produce and confirmed tornadoes. The base was rather high but an RFD clear slot was noted and small wall cloud briefly formed. The storm core was not directly penetrated, and winds near 40 MPH, lightning, moderate to heavy rain, and small hail was encountered. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, warm front, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills.

32). June 23, 8:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near and southeast of Snyder and Frederick, Oklahoma east of Highway 183 and north of SR 5, mainly in Kiowa County. The storm was a supercell storm (LP to classic) with a powerful updraft region viewed from the rear flank. The core of the storm was not penetrated, but contained 60 MPH winds, golfball sized hail, lightning, and moderate rains. Frequent lightning was also observed with this storm, which was part of a small severe thunderstorm cluster. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, outflow boundary, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

33). June 25, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a strong to severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Davis City and Leon, Iowa in Decatur County near Highway 69 and SR 2. The storm was a small classic supercell storm, low topped, and at one point had a rapidly rotating wall cloud and funnels. I was not able to confirm any ground circulation. The storm also contained heavy rains, small hail, and winds gusting 50 to 60 MPH. The storm formed earlier near Bethany in Harrison County, Missouri before intensifying and moving to the NNE. The storm was caused by surface heating, a low pressure area, warm front, and an upper level low. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A tornado watch was in effect for the area until 9 PM CDT.

34). Aug 20, 5:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a strong to possibly severe thunderstorm in La Salle and Kendall Counties near Serena and Lisbon, Illinois and near Highways 71 and 52. The storm was a small supercell storm that developed in a cluster of strong thunderstorms, and evolved to HP and up scaled to a bow / line segment that pushed into Kane and Dupage Counties farther east. A rotating area with wall cloud and RFD clear slot was noted southeast of Newark. The wet RFD "hook" of this storm briefly produced 60 MPH winds and tree damage was noted on highway 52. The storm had a funnel cloud on its northern side that reached half way to the ground. The storm also contained lightning, small hail, and very heavy rains, in addition to winds over 50 MPH. A distinct wind shift (from SW to ENE) was noted penetrating the storm from SE to NW denoting a rain wrapped mesocyclone during its HP stages. The storm also had a striking visual appearance in its supercell mode. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a warm front, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A friend accompanied me on this chase as an observer. A 2006 Scion was used to chase the storms.

35). Sept 3, 11:00 AM - Observation of the coastal effects of tropical storm Gordon near Dania Beach, Florida in Broward County and A1A. Tropical storm Gordon, with 45 MPH sustained winds, was passing south of the area across the southern tip of south Florida and the Florida Keys. The right side had a large area of strong winds, gusting 40 to 50 MPH, with very heavy rains, to the right of the storm center. The rain bands also contained thunderstorms with occasional lightning. Waves of 5 to 10 feet, and tides about 2 feet above normal were also observed near the Dania Beach Pier. Some tree damage and flooding was also noted. I also met up with chaser Derek Sibley during this observation. The tropical storm continued northwest into the Gulf of Mexico and I began a drive to chase the storm in the north-central Gulf of Mexico (AL / MS coastal areas), but turned back near Ocala, FL a day later as the storm did not meet expectations (barely a hurricane at final landfall and at night). Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to observe the storm. A tropical storm warning was in effect for the area observed as well.

36). Sept 13-14, ALL-DAYS - Interception, penetration, and observation of a strong category 1, or possibly 2, hurricane in the Cape Fear regions of coastal North Carolina from near Carolina Beach and Wilmington in New Hanover County to North Topsail Beach in Pender County and along Highways 17, 421, and 74. The storm was formerly powerful hurricane Florence which made its way across the Atlantic from off of Africa with the official landfall of the eye near Wrightsville Beach during the morning of September 14. The storm came in just under category 2 strength with 90 to 100 MPH sustained winds. Earlier in the open Atlantic the storm had winds near 150 MPH on September 11. Very high surf and coastal flooding was observed in North Topsail Beach before being asked to leave by law enforcement. Many other storm chasers were encountered on this storm chase (George Kouranis, Tim Millar, Scott McPartland, Jeff Piotrowski, Reed Timmer, and many others). The storm had concentric eyewalls and wind maxima at time of landfall. Winds gusting near 80 MPH were observed with downed trees and powerlines in North Topsail Beach, with severe damage to a BP gas station. I used my winch to pull some other chasers out of a ditch at this location. I headed back to Wilmington and the inner eyewall slowly moved ashore there from the east. Winds gusted to at least 100 MPH in brief, choppy gusts. Power was out and many trees / signs down, along with some roof / sporadic structural damage noted. The calm eye was encountered during the morning of September 14 near and south of Wilmington. Light and variable winds, calm at times, with warm fog an bright skies overhead were noted inside the eye, with a pressure measured at 960.1 mb. The second half of the storm was encountered thereafter near Wrightsville Beach and some tree debris struck the vehicle causing minor damage. Once the storm continued southwest, and with rising flood waters (severe street flooding was starting), I continued west and northwest out of Wilmington on Highway 74. There were many downed trees and blocked roads, and I helped with clearing using my vehicle winch as others had a chain saw. Catastrophic flooding continued in and around Wilmington for the following days long after the storm moved inland and weakened. I reached I-95 and exited the storm, returning home the following day. I was chasing with meteorologist Derek Sibley on this chase. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the hurricane. A hurricane, flash flood, and storm surge warning, and tornado watches were all in effect for the areas observed as well. Total damage was over 24 billion with 54 fatalities.

37). Oct 10, ALL-DAY - Interception, penetration, and observation of a violent category 5 hurricane in the Florida Panhandle east of Panama City in Bay County and hear Highways 98 and 22 as well as Callaway / Springfield to the north and northwest of Tyndall Air Force Base and Mexico Beach. This was powerful and catastrophic hurricane Michael that came ashore around noon (Central time) on October 10. The storm was rapidly intensifying up until landfall, and had a nearly symmetrical eyewall of extreme convection surrounding a clear and calm eye. Throughout this hurricane chase, I also met up with several other storm chasers, such as Derek Sibley, Tim Millar, Jason Foster, Josh Morgerman, Mark Robinson, and several others. Much of the storm was observed in Callaway at a Holiday Inn Express, as well as other locations from Panama City Beach to near Tyndall Air Force Base. Waves in the Gulf of Mexico were in excess of 20 feet, with violent surf and surging tides long before the storm made landfall. During the storm, winds gusting over 160 MPH were observed, mainly at the hotel in Callaway. The front of the hotel suffered extensive damage, with the entrance disintegrating and burying vehicles in debris and rubble. My vehicle suffered damage (costing nearly $13,000 to repair!) as well as it was hit / partially buried by debris. Damage in the area was catastrophic, with extensive structural damage, power poles down, trees snapped and / or stripped of leaves, and signs destroyed. Fresh water flooding was also severe. The storm surge (especially in Mexico Beach to my SSE) was not directly observed, and caused total destruction of anything near the beaches. The calm eye was observed with this storm, with blue skies, light winds, hot sunshine, and a spectacular "stadium" effect visible from the ground. The second half of the storm was the same, if not worse, than the first half, with a wind shift from ENE to NW. Rain was extremely heavy, sideways, and violent, with total zero visibility. Occasional lightning was observed in the eyewall. Extensive damage and blocked roads made leaving the area a long and difficult process a day later on October 11. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the hurricane. A hurricane, flash flood, and storm surge warning, and tornado watches were all in effect for the areas observed as well. Only four category 5 hurricanes, including Michael, came ashore in the USA in recorded history. The last category 5 storm before this one to hit the US was hurricane Andrew in 1992. Damage totals were over 25 billion with a death toll of 74 people.

Summary - This concludes the 2018 chase season. The summary includes a total of 37 observations, out of which there were 32 severe thunderstorms, 1 strong thunderstorm, 1 tropical storm, 2 hurricanes (including a rare category 5), and 1 coastal observation. Out of these thunderstorms, as many as 22 tornadoes were observed (many from May 28 in Colorado). A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used in 36 of the chases and a 2006 Scion in one. All entries for the logs above are for the local time zone unless otherwise noted. This information was prepared exclusively for the National Weather service and the team of Skywarn storm spotters.

2). May 3, 3:45 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm in Martin and Palm Beach Counties in Florida just to the east of the Florida Turnpike and I-95 and north of Highway 710. The storm was a multicell storm cluster containing a possible HP supercell storm with moderate rotation. A brief funnel / rotating wall cloud and RFD clear slot was observed looking southward as the storm core (not penetrated) was passed to the west. Heavy rains, frequent lightning, and 40 MPH winds were encountered with this storm. The area of rotation also produced a funnel cloud later and farther east. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, boundary interactions, sea breeze activity, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. The storm was encountered returning from Orlando, Florida and heading south, in a 2018 Ford Fiesta.

3). May 7, 5:30 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Tulia, Texas in Swisher County, to the east of I-27 and Highways 275 and 207. The storm was a powerful HP storm that produced a large tornado near Tulia. The end of this tornado was observed during its wedge phase from near Wayside, Texas looking towards the WSW into the notch of the HP storm. The storm cycled and produced a second multi-vortex tornado north of Wayside before becoming rain wrapped. The storm evolved to a line / bowing segment thereafter. The HP storm also had a striking visual appearance, with intense FFD inflow banding (almost to ground level) as well as RFD and striations. Frequent lightning (with some close hits), torrential rains, 60 to 70 MPH winds, and hail up to 2" (the main core was avoided). The storm remained over open farmland so no damage was observed. Flash flooding was observed along Highway 207 in the Palo Duro Canyon. Conditions causing the storms were a dryline, outflow boundaries, surface heating, a low pressure system, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used in this chase. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

4). May 8, 6:00 PM - Interception and observation of a strong to severe thunderstorms from near Beckham County, Oklahoma and Sayre, and southeastwards to near Blair in Jackson County, mainly near the vicinity of Highway 283. The storm was a small cluster of strong and severe storms that initiated in the far eastern TX Panhandle and into Oklahoma, some with supercell characteristics, especially near Sayre. Small hail, lightning, 40 MPH winds, and rotating wall clouds / funnels were observed with these storms. The cores were not penetrated. The storms continued to the southeast towards the Red River and weakened later in the evening near the OK / TX border. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure system, outflow boundaries (within a modified cool pool from earlier storms), a cold front, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD time-lapse video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms.

5). May 16, 5:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Box Butte County, Nebraska near Alliance and Highways 385 and SR 2. The storm was a small supercell storm that developed over that area and had rotation before down-scaling and dissipating. The storm had a small area of rotation, brief needle funnel, and small RFD cut / wall cloud. The storm was high based but an LP to classic supercell structure. Conditions observed were 40 MPH winds, heavy rains, hail to 1/2", and lighting as the storm core was penetrated as it was weakening. Some flooding was observed with this storm in Alliance as well. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, a frontal boundary, and approaching upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

6). May 17, 5:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm north of Grant, Nebraska in Perkins County north of SR 23 and south of I-80. The storm was a supercell storm that developed ahead of a triple point / convergence area. This storm did not last long as it continued north of I-80 and down-scaled / merged with a line of storms. The core of this storm was not penetrated, and a small wall cloud was observed with the storm at peak intensity. The core had golfball sized hail or larger. Strong inflow winds of 45 MPH and lightning was encountered east of this storm. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, frontal boundary / dryline interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

7). May 17, 6:30 PM - Interception and penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Frontier County, Nebraska from near SR 18 and 23, near Curtis and Farnam, and northeastward across I-80 to near Gotenburg and Highway 47. The storm was a cyclic supercell storm. Mainly classic mode from near McCook to Farnam, and HP like afterwards. The storm was penetrated as it was between cycles near Curtis and hail up to 1" was encountered with heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and 60 MPH winds. At least 3 tornadoes were encountered with this storm, two of which highly visible and below a supercell with an impressive structure. Powerful RFD was encountered near Farnam, with gusts near 75 MPH and hail up to 2" as the tornado became rain wrapped. Damage was observed east of Farnam with downed powerlines, trees down, and some damage to outbuildings. The storm continued northeast past I-80 and continued to produce tornadoes until 8:30 PM, but these were less visible, before evolving to a line segment over the Nebraska sand-hills. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, low pressure system, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

8). May 18, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Alva, Oklahoma in Woods County near Highways 64 and 281. The storm was initially a supercell storm that evolved to a line segment later on to the south and east near Carmen. Brief rotation was observed before the supercell evolved from LP to HP, then a bowing line segment. Conditions encountered were 50 to 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and heavy rains. Hail as large as 2" was seen in the roadway. The hail core was not directly penetrated. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a dryline, frontal / outflow boundary interactions, a low pressure system, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

9). May 18, 8:30 PM - Observation and brief penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm along Highway 281 east of Waynoka in Woods County, Oklahoma. The storm was part of a line segment associated with a cold front and was penetrated during its weakening phase. Conditions encountered were 45 to 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning, heavy rains, and hail up to 3/4". Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a Pacific cold front, a low pressure system, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

10). May 20, 3:30 PM - Interception, indirect penetration, and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Paducah, Texas in Cottle County from along Highways 62 and 83, and near Highway 287 south of the Red River. The storm was a cyclic supercell storm, and a thin tornado was observed just north of Paducah and west of Highway 83. This was the same storm that would merge with a supercell to its immediate west, and later cycle again farther northeast near Magnum, OK (that was not reachable due to poor road options and fast storm motions). Other conditions encountered were 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning with close hits, heavy rains, and hail up to 2" (the main core was indirectly penetrated). Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, dryline / boundary interactions, a low pressure system, and intense upper level wave / jet stream aloft. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A PDS tornado watch watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

11). May 20, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe and thunderstorm near the intersection of Highways 62 and 83 in Childress County, Texas. The storm was an outflow dominant HP supercell storm that evolved to a bow / line segment. This became involved in a line / MCS of strong and severe storms as it moved east and northeast into western Oklahoma from along SR 30 north of Hollis and south of I-40. The core was not penetrated but a spectacular view of a dark, greenish tinted shelf cloud was noted west of Hollis, OK. 40 MPH winds, very heavy rains, small hail, and frequent lightning was also observed. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, dryline / boundary interactions, a low pressure system, and intense upper level wave / jet stream aloft. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A PDS tornado watch watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

12). May 21, 3:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Moundridge, Kansas in McPherson County east of I-35 and Highways 50 and 56. The storm was a small supercell storm with broad rotation developing on the southern end of a line segment of storms. This supercell storm was classic to HP in nature, with a small wall cloud and RFD cut. Lightning, heavy rains, 40 MPH winds, and hail up to 1" was encountered. The core was not directly penetrated. The storm was abandoned for another supercell to the west. Later on, and well to the northeast near Chapman, this same cell became tornado warned with a brief tornado reported. This possible tornado was not observed. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an occluded front, a low pressure system, and upper level low. This was a classic "cold core" setup. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

13). May 21, 4:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Marquette, Kansas in McPherson County from north of SR 4 and southwest of the Smoky Hill Weapon Range. This storm was another classic to HP supercell storm developing near the cold occlusion front in a "cold core" environment. The core of this storm was not penetrated. A rotating wall cloud and funnel half way to the ground was observed with this storm as it was down-scaling and weakening due to stretching. A pronounced structure and RFD cut was noted with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an occluded front, a low pressure system, and upper level low. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

14). May 22, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm northwest of Henryetta and west of Okmulgee and Wilson near SR 56 in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma. The storm was a cyclic and classic supercell storm, and the full cycle of a large tornado was observed with this storm. The tornado was on the ground west of Wilson for nearly 30 minutes (large cone / stove-pipe) and was highly visible despite hilly terrain and haze. The supercell storm also had a striking visual appearance with striations and RFD slot. The storm continued northeast from near Morris, but only produced brief tornadoes. The storm core, containing baseball sized hail, was not penetrated. Other conditions encountered were moderate rains, 60 MPH winds (RFD), and frequent lightning. The storm was followed north and east until its down-scaling and dissipation near Chouteau, Oklahoma. The tornado remained over rural areas. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a stationary Pacific front, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

15). May 22, 7:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm northwest of Chouteau and to near Pryor in Mayes County, Oklahoma from Highways 412 and 69 to near SR 20 and 82. The storm was a splitting HP supercell storm. The storm had a large wall cloud and if any tornado was produced it was rain wrapped near Pryor. The storm split and its southern component became a classic supercell that produced multiple funnels and rotating wall clouds. The storm had a striking structure and RFD. Conditions encountered were 50 MPH winds, small hail, heavy rains, and frequent lightning with some close hits. The storm was abandoned after dark for safety. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a stationary Pacific front, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A PDS tornado watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

16). May 23, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Idalou, Texas in Lubbock County and near FM 400 and Highway 62. The storm was a classic supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud and funnels was observed with this storm. Other conditions encountered were frequent lightning, heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, and hail up to 1 inch while passing east of the storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, dryline, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

17). May 23, 9:00 PM - Penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Petersburg, Texas in Hale County along FM 54 and 789. The storm was a supercell storm that was producing very large hail as the boundary layer was decoupling during the late evening. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning with close hits, heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, and hail up to 2 inches. Hail fog was also observed. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, dryline, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

18). May 24, 2:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm from south of Lubbock, Texas in Lubbock County from west of I-27 and northeast into NW Crosby County near Highway 62. The storm was a supercell storm that initiated early in the day and became outflow dominant. For a while the storm produced wall clouds before it became HP and was undercut by outflow / cold air. Very heavy rains, 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and 1 inch hail was encountered with this storm. Flooding was also observed. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a cold front, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

19). May 24, 4:00 PM - Interception, observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm from west of Cap Rock, Texas in Crosby County along SR 207 and northward towards Crosbyton and Highway 62. This storm was originally a supercell storm that looked pretty good, producing wall clouds before it became HP and evolved to and merged with a large MCS. Torrential rains, 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, hail up to 2 inches was encountered with these storms. Extensive flash flooding was also observed, with many roads impassible. Farming areas looked more like lakes in the wake of these training storms. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, dryline / cold front interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

20). May 25, 2:30 PM - Indirect penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm in Moore County, Texas along Highway 87 south of Dumas. The storm was a small supercell storm developing on the eastern side of a large area of strong and severe thunderstorms. Lightning, 40 MPH winds, light rain, and 3/4 inch hail was observed passing west of the storm core. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, boundary interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to observe the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

21). May 25, 6:30 PM - Interception, observation, and direct penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Brice, Texas in Hall and Briscoe counties along SR 256. The storm was an HP supercell within a cluster of HP storms. A brief but rain wrapped tornado was encountered at close proximity along SR 256 with this storm. Easterly winds increased to near 60 MPH in heavy rains rapidly shifting to NW at over 70 MPH in a brief area. No visible funnel was visible. Frequent lightning with close hits, torrential rains, and hail to 1 inch was also encountered. The storm evolved to a bow segment before it moved east. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, dryline / outflow boundary interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to penetrate the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

22). May 26, 2:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Springfield, Colorado in Baca County near Highways 287 and 160. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. The core was not directly penetrated but the east side of its fringes brushed me with hail up to 3/4 inches falling. The storm also contained frequent lightning, heavy rains, and winds near 40 MPH on its edges. A large wall cloud was noted when the storm evolved from classic to HP mode. After about an hour, the storm moved quickly northeast and down-scaled and basically disappeared after following it on a horribly muddy road between Highway 160 and SR 116 to the north. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, dryline / boundary interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

23). May 26, 5:30 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm from near Lamar / Wiley, Colorado in Prower County near Highways 287 and 50 to points north and east to near Sharon Springs, Kansas near Highways 40 and 385. The storm was a classic supercell storm at first, but eventually evolved to HP, and a line / bow segment in western Kansas. The core was not directly penetrated. Frequent lightning, heavy rains, small hail, and winds near 50 MPH was encountered around the storm. A large wall cloud / funnels were also noted when this storm. The storm had a pronounced RFD region as well. The storm also produced a rain wrapped tornado later on near Sharon Springs, but that was not observed. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, boundary interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

24). May 27, 2:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the north of Fort Morgan, Colorado in Morgan County, and north of I-76 / Highway 34 and SR 71 near Brush. The storm was a supercell storm that developed slowly and earlier north of the Palmer Divide to the southwest and moved into the area, before becoming HP and outflow dominant. The storm produced a couple of brief tornadoes / gustnadoes as it was north of Brush. These were observed at close range, with swirling clouds of dust before RFD surged out. The storm core was not directly penetrated. Small hail, frequent lightning, moderate rains, and frequent lightning was also observed with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, boundary interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

25). May 27, 8:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from its point of initiation south of Otis / Yuma Colorado, and northeastward near and south of Holyoke in Yuma County near SR 59 and Highway 34, and northeastward to along Highway 6 into Chase County, Nebraska to near Imperial. The storm began as a convective shower, then grew into an LP to classic supercell with a high base north of Yuma, Colorado. As the storm intensified as per intensification of the low level jet and arrival of upper level support, the storm became a violent HP supercell as it entered Chase County, Nebraska. This supercell produced a brief tornado just south of Phillips County, Colorado. The storm core was indirectly penetrated, but hail up to 2 inches was observed. Frequent lightning with some close hits, torrential rains, and winds over 70 MPH were encountered with this storm. The supercell also produced a large multi-vortex tornado, with low contrast, visible in the HP "notch" of the storm. This supercell had an impressive and striking visual appearance, with the forward flank exhibiting powerful inflow banding / stream-wise vorticity "rotor" as well as multiple striations and "stacked plates" vertical structure. Inflow winds gusting to near 50 MPH were encountered. The RFD region of this storm was penetrated, with a brief view of the tornadic area to the north, while standing in 70 to 80 MPH RFD winds. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, boundary interactions, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

26). May 28, 6:30 PM - Long range interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from 20 or 30 miles distance. The storm was over Osborne and Mitchell counties, Kansas from Luray to Beloit, and significant tornadoes were produced by the storm. These tornadoes were not observed (except maybe a brief long range glimpse of one) and the storm weakened to a line segment after driving nearly an hour and a half to get to it. The storm core, probably containing large hail and high winds, was not penetrated. RFD winds gusting near 60 MPH were encountered, with lightning and light rain observed before the storm weakened due to outflow. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a warm front, Pacific cold front / dryline, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

27). May 28, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe and thunderstorm along Highway 24 in Clay and Riley Counties, Kansas from near Clay Center to Randolph near Highway 77 and SR 16. The storm was a small supercell storm that developed in a region of confluence in the area, and quickly became severe. Large hail (up to 2 inches), frequent lightning, heavy rains, and 60 MPH winds were observed with this storm. An area of rotation with a wall cloud and RFD cut / funnels was also observed near Riley, but the storm quickly weakened after that and became a line segment due to outflow. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a Pacific cold front, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

28). May 29, 7:30 PM - Interception, penetration, and observation of severe and tornadic thunderstorms over Iowa County, Iowa near Williamsburg and north of I-80 west of Iowa City. The storm began as a small supercell storm that split into at least another during its cycling along I-80 and Highway 6. These small supercell storms produced numerous funnel clouds and a couple of tornadoes which were observed. Heavy rains, small hail to 3/4 inch, occasional lighting, and 60 MPH winds were also encountered. The tornadoes were brief but photogenic, as the supercell storms were LP to classic in nature. At least one supercell had a striated appearance and well developed RFD slot. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, an occluded front (arcing confluence / shear axis), surface low, and upper level low (basic cold-core setup). Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms.

29). June 1, 3:30 PM - Interception, penetration, and observation of strong to severe thunderstorms in Rock County, Wisconsin along I-39 near Janesville and north of Beloit. The storm was originally an HP supercell tht evolved to a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. Conditions encountered were 60 MPH winds, frequent lightning, very heavy rains, and hail up to 3/4 inches. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a weak low pressure area, a Pacific cold front, warm front, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM CDT.

30). June 14, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm north of Manter, Kansas in Stanton County and near Walsh, Colorado in Baca County, and along Highway 160 and SR 89. The storm was an elevated / high base supercell storm developing ahead of a cluster of strong and severe storms. This storm had an area of rotation with some high-based funnels. There was a pronounced RFD as well, with dust being kicked up and gustnadoes. The core of the storm was not penetrated (but contained 1" hail). Heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and frequent lightning was encountered. The storms were caused by a surface heating, low pressure area, dryline, upslope wind flow, and a weak upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

31). June 15, 8:30 PM - Interception, indirect penetration, and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm over Custer County, Oklahoma near SR 47 west of Highway 183 and near SR 33 and Custer City (35 miles north of Clinton). The storm was a powerful HP supercell storm, developing on the south side of a cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms. After a storm split earlier north of Putnam, the southern supercell turned right and became the dominant "tail-end Charley" storm. This supercell was classic to HP, and contained large hail, extremely heavy rains, and frequent lightning. A large tornado (cone to wedge) was observed with this storm looking northwest from near Custer City in twilight, illuminated by lightning. The tornado did damage south of Putnam and was confirmed. The supercell also had a striking visual appearance, with striations and a "stacked plates" / "space ship" effect. The core was not directly penetrated, but the south side and wet RFD area was encountered with winds gusting over 80 MPH. The storm evolved to an intense bow / line segment (upscale growth) and produced winds over 90 MPH in Clinton, Oklahoma. I stopped to assist in a near fatal accident with people trapped in a burning car at the intersection of Highway 183 and I-40 passing into Clinton. The most dangerous part of the storm missed Clinton to the north. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a stationary frontal / outflow boundary, dryline to the far west, a weak low pressure area, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

32). June 16, 1:00 PM - Penetration of a strong to severe thunderstorm in Shackelford County, Texas along Highway 183 north of Albany. The storm was a multicell cluster of storms, including a small elevated supercell, developing on the north side of an outflow boundary across the region. This storm also contained heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, 50 MPH winds, and hail up to 1". Documentation was digital stills and audio. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an outflow boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

33). June 16, 5:30 PM - Interception, indirect penetration, and observation of a very severe thunderstorm from southwestern Callahan County, Texas and southeastward into Coleman County north of Santa Anna and near Highways 84 and 67. The storm was a classic to LP supercell storm. An area of strong rotation was observed with this storm, with a high base wall cloud and distinct RFD cut. A large funnel cloud was also observed with the storm as it began downscaling to the northwest of Santa Anna. After that the storm continued downscaling until it basically vanished. During the most intense phase of the storm, the core was indirectly penetrated, and hail to 1.5" was observed, along with moderate rain, gusty winds to 40 MPH, and frequent lightning with some close hits. Documentation was digital stills. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an outflow boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

34). June 17, 5:30 PM - Interception, penetration, and observation of a very severe thunderstorm near Muleshoe, Texas in Bailey County near Highway 70 and SR 214. The storm was an LP (low precipitation) supercell storm. Conditions encountered were 40 MPH winds, light rain, frequent lightning with some close hits, and hail to 1.5" (half dollar to golfball sized). The storm had a striking visual appearance, although being high based, with striations and a flared out base ("bell" shaped). The storm moved very slowly and cycled up and down several times near Muleshoe, and eventually evolved to a multicell cluster of storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, boundary interactions, and a weak surface and upper trough to the west. Documentation was still photos and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

35). June 18, 3:00 PM - Interception, penetration, and observation of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm to the northwest of Kinsley, Kansas in Hodgeman and Edwards Counties from near Highways 50 and 183 and west of Highway 56. The storm was a classic supercell storm, and two brief tornadoes were observed from a distance of about 5 to 10 miles as the storm was approached from the southeast. A large wall cloud with funnels was also observed, as well as a gust front extending from the RFD region and southwestward (this meant the storm was "anchored" on an outflow boundary). The storm also contained lightning, heavy rains, 50 MPH winds, and large hail, but the core was not penetrated. Some tree damage was noted after the storm became outflow dominant and began down-scaling, most likely from one of the brief tornadoes, and / or RFD winds. One tornado was an elephant trunk type, while the other was a thin needle type. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an outflow boundary, a low pressure area (particularly an MCV), and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

36). June 18, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of very strong and severe thunderstorms in Sumner County, Kansas from north of Conway Springs and east of Harper, and along Highways 54 and 160 to near Wellington. The storm was originally a supercell storm, but it became outflow dominant and was mainly a large multicell cluster at the southwestern end of a squall line. Small hail to marble sized, 60 MPH winds, lightning, and very heavy rains were encountered with these storms. Street / flash flooding was also encountered. Documentation was digital stills. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an outflow boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

37). June 19, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm over Hunt County, Texas from north of Farmersville near Merit, and near Highways 380 and 69, and past Greensville to near Emory. The storm was an HP supercell storm, that was observed from near its point of initiation, and the majority of its life cycle. This storm had a powerful mesocylone, with strong rotation with wall clouds / funnels, especially early in its life cycle before becoming more outflow dominated and / or "rain wrapped" HP. Tree and sign damage was observed with this storm, and part of the weak tornado may have been penetrated on the southeast side of Greenville along Highway 69, with airborne tree debris observed and "tagging" rain curtains. Other conditions were winds over 75 MPH, heavy rains, frequent lightning with some close hits, and hail to 2". The main core, with baseball sized hail, was not directly penetrated. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, an outflow boundary, a low pressure trough, and upper trough. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 12 AM CDT the following day.

38). June 20, 7:30 PM - Interception, penetration, and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Marshall and Nemaha Counties in Kansas and along SR 9 from near Vermillion to Corning. The storm was an LP supercell storm. This storm had a striking visual appearance during its maturity, including the "stacked plates" and striations. The core was penetrated during the early stages of the storm, and hail up to 1.5" was observed. The storm also contained light to moderate rain, frequent lightning with some close hits, and winds near 45 MPH mainly in RFD gusts. The storm had a small RFD and rotating all cloud with some small funnels. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, possible boundary interactions, and a weak surface trough with departing upper trough to the east. Documentation was still photos and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

39). June 21, 3:30 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from southwest of Kiowa, Colorado in Elbert County near SR 86 and southeastwards via I-70 through Limon along Highways 71 and 94 to Highway 40 near Wild Horse. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. A rapidly rotating wall cloud was noted on the southern end of this storm near Kiowa early in its life-cycle. Swirling dust under this feature confirmed a possible brief tornado. Conditions encountered were also frequent lightning, heavy rains, 60 to 70 MPH winds, and hail up to 1.5". The core was indirectly penetrated. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, post frontal troughing, and an upper trough. Documentation was still photos, audio, and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM MDT (9 PM CDT).

40). June 21, 8:00 PM - Observation and direct penetration of a very severe and possible tornadic thunderstorm from near Kit Carson, Colorado and eastward along Highway 40 through Arapaho in Cheyenne County and eventually into Kansas in Sharon Springs in Wallace County. The storm was an HP supercell / line bow segment, with extremely powerful straight-line winds. The storm had a striking visual appearance and multi-tiered shelf cloud during its bow segment phase. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning with some close hits, heavy rains, copious amounts of 1" hail with isolated 2" pieces, and most importantly, winds approaching or even exceeding 100 MPH at a gas station in Sharon Springs. Damage was observed to signs, roofing, and trees from this storm. Many car windows were blown out by the wind driving hail and debris such as pebbles. My vehicle had its rear window blown out, despite having a hail grill on it, and my phone on the dashboard had its screen shattered. Sand, broken glass, and gravel was strewn inside my vehicle. I also had small cuts on my feet from flying gravel / hail. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, post frontal troughing, and an upper trough. Documentation was still photos and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM MDT (12 AM CDT the following day).

41). June 22, 6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of severe thunderstorms near Chester, Oklahoma in Major County and near Highways 60 and 283. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe storms, with some supercell structures. One such transient supercell had a lower base / wall cloud with some small funnels observed. The storm also contained hail, but the core was not directly penetrated. Small hail, light to moderate rain, 40 MPH winds, and frequent lightning was observed. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a weak Pacific Cold front, low pressure trough, and an upper trough to the west. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

42). June 23, 5:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms anywhere from Waurika, Oklahoma and southward along Highway 81 and southwestward into Clay County, Texas in Clay County and near Highway 82 and east of Highway 281. The storms were a large line of strong and severe storms extending from SW Texas into southeastern Oklahoma, with isolated areas of embedded weak rotation, but outflow dominant. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, small hail, frequent lightning with some close hits, and winds gusting near 50 MPH. The cores of these storms were not penetrated directly. Conditions causing these storms were surface heating, an outflow boundary / stalled Pacific cold front, low pressure trough, and upper trough to the northwest. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also in effect for the area until 10 PM CDT.

43). June 25, 4:30 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm near Davenport, Nebraska in Nuckolls and Thayer Counties near SR 4 and 14, and north of Highway 136. The storm was an LP storm that split and down-scaled afterwards. The storm was producing large hail but the core was not intercepted. The storm also had a striking visual appearance with a "barber pole" type updraft. Conditions encountered near the storm were 40 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and light rain. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a nearly stationary frontal boundary, a weak surface trough, and upper trough. Documentation was still photos. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

44). June 25, 6:00 PM - Interception and observation of a very severe thunderstorm northwest of superior, Nebraska in Nuckolls and Clay Counties near SR 4 and 14, and east of Highway 281. The storm was an HP supercell storm that evolved into a cluster of severe thunderstorms via upscale growth. The storm was producing very large hail but the core was not intercepted. Conditions encountered near the storm were 50 MPH winds, frequent lightning with some close hits, small hail, and heavy rain. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a nearly stationary frontal boundary, a weak surface trough, and upper trough. Documentation was still photos. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (10 PM CDT).

45). June 26, 7:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a severe thunderstorm from its point of initiation west of Aurora, Illinois in Kane County and eastward into Dupage County near Highway 30 and I-88 to Naperville. The storm was a cluster of severe thunderstorms, with transient supercell structures. An area of slight rotation was noted near Aurora before the storm got undercut by its outflow cool pool. During the storm penetration, frequent lightning with some close hits, very heavy / torrential rains, and hail to 1" was encountered. A report of 2" hail was confirmed with this storm in extreme western Cook county nearby. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and a lake breeze boundary. Documentation was still photos and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

46). July 8, 5:30 PM - Observation of strong to severe thunderstorms along I-80 near Cozad, Nebraska in Dawson County. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms and was penetrated while headed west on the interstate wrapping up chasing. Conditions encountered were 50 to 60 MPH winds, heavy rains, lightning, and small hail. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a convergence area / boundary, low pressure trough, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for west of the area until 11 PM CDT.

47). Sept 2, 1:15 PM - Observation of a strong to severe, and possible tornadic, thunderstorm south of Highway 98 in the western sections of Wellington in rural Palm Beach County, Florida. The storm was a small supercell-like (tropical cyclone mini-supercell) storm developing in one of the outer rain bands of Hurricane Dorian as it was east of the area over the NW Bahamas. The core of this storm was not directly penetrated. Heavy rains, gusty winds to 45 MPH, and lightning was encountered. A large funnel was noted with the storm updraft on the northern side of this storm, but any ground contact was not confirmed. The storm also had a wet RFD like feature on its rear-flank (northeastern side as the storm was moving rapidly SSW with the mean flow). Conditions causing the storms were approaching low pressure from the east (fringes of Hurricane Dorian), low level wind shear and convergence (feeder bands), and surface heating. A 2019 Toyota Corolla was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills. A hurricane warning was also in effect for this area as well.

48). Sept 3, ALL-DAY - Observation of the outer effects of hurricane Dorian along the Florida east coast from extreme northern Broward County, along US 1 and A1A, and into Palm Beach County near West Palm Beach mainly along the beaches and coastal areas. The storm was a powerful category 5 hurricane that destroyed many areas in the Bahamas (Abaco and Grand Bahama). I was unable to chase the core of the storm in that area due to canceled flights. The storm came within 120 miles of Palm Beach before re-curving north and northeast out to sea. During Dorian's point of closest approach, conditions observed were tropical-storm forced wind gusts to 45 MPH, moderate to heavy rain, and occasional lightning in rain bands. The ocean had waves anywhere from 5 to 15 feet, increasing as you proceed north, due to the swell blocking effects of the Bahamas. Severe beach erosion and coastal flooding was observed, with tides at least 4 feet above normal, due to the effects of storm surge and king tides coinciding with the CPA (closes point of approach) of Dorian. Flooded roads and marinas / parking areas were also observed. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2019 Toyota Corolla was used in this observation. A hurricane warning and mandatory evacuations were in place for Palm Beach barrier islands, requiring a media pass to get pass police checkpoints. Hurricane Dorian devastated the northern Bahamas, with a death toll of 84, 245 missing (mainly from poor areas in Abaco), and over 5 billion dollars in damages.

49). Sept 23, 5:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from near Centennial in La Paz County, Arizona and eastward along and near I-10 into western Maricopa County north of Buckeye. The storm was a supercell storm for some time. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, hail up to nickel sized, frequent lightning with some close hits, and winds exceeding 50 MPH. The core of this storm was indirectly penetrated. The storm had a striking visual appearance, with striated updraft, inflow tail, and wet RFD slot, unusual for a desert environment. A funnel and rotating wall cloud was observed on the leading edge of this storm before becoming outflow dominant. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, tropical moisture (from the Gulf of California), an upper level low pressure system, surface trough, and orographic lift (from the Mongolan Rim up-slope). Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2019 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 9 PM MDT (8 PM PDT).

Summary - This concludes the 2019 chase season. The summary includes a total of 49 observations, out of which there were 45 severe thunderstorms and 3 strong thunderstorms. Out of these thunderstorms, as many as 22 tornadoes were observed. One hurricane / coastal observation was done as well. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler vehicle was used in 46 of the chases, a 2019 Toyota Corolla in 2, and a 2018 Ford Fiesta in one. All entries for the logs above are for the local time zone unless otherwise noted. This information was prepared exclusively for the National Weather service and the team of Skywarn storm spotters.

2). Apr 28, 6:00 PM - Observation and penetration of severe thunderstorms from north of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, and southward past Tulsa to near Henryetta, mainly from near Highways 75 and 60, and southward along Highway 75 to near SR 72 and Highway 62. The storms were a fast moving multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms, with some embedded HP supercells. One of these storms produced a funnel cloud over Tulsa, observed from near SR 52 and Highway 169 in Tulsa County. Hail to 1", frequent lightning (with some close hits), heavy rains, and winds gusting over 60 MPH were observed with these storms. Conditions causing the storms were a strong upper trough, surface heating / convergence, a cold front, and low pressure trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also in effect for the area until 11 PM CDT.

3). May 2, 7:30 PM - Observation of strong thunderstorms from near and east of Denver International Airport from along I-70 in eastern Denver County. The storm was a multicell cluster of strong thunderstorms. The core was not penetrated, which contained small hail. Frequent lightning was also observed, as well as a possible small funnel. The southern end of this storm complex had a small supercell thunderstorm, which was also observed from a distance looking to the southeast. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms.

4). May 3, 7:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm to the west and southwest of Wray, Colorado in Yuma County, and along Highway 34. The storm was a cluster of strong and severe storms, originally spawned by convective up-slope near the Palmer Divide west of Limon, that moved northeast off the higher elevations. One intense storm was warned for quarter sized hail and 60 MPH winds, but the core was not penetrated directly. Conditions encountered were 40 MPH winds, rain, small hail, and occasional lightning. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, up-slope wind flow, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms.

5). May 4, 6:30 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Mayes County, Oklahoma, from near Foyil, and through Pryor to Salina, mainly near Highway 69 and SR 20. The storm was an HP supercell storm. A large, rotating wall cloud, with occasional funnels, was noted with this storm, which became rain-wrapped at times. The storm also had a striated appearance and inflow bands when viewed from the east. Frequent lightning was also encountered, including numerous close hits with powerful positive smooth-channel lightning. Large hail, up to 2", was also noted, with large pieces splashing into Hudson Lake near Salina. Winds gusting over 50 MPH and heavy rain was also noted with this storm. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, cold front, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video, digital stills, and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

6). May 7, 6:00 PM - Observation and direct penetration of an extremely severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from northwest of Childress, Texas in Childress County near Highway 287 and southeastward to near Newcastle and Highway 380 in Young County. The storm was a powerful classic and HP supercell storm, initiating to the NW of Childress, with a distinct storm split (the southern, right-moving supercell being the main storm). Conditions encountered with this storm were 60 to 70 MPH winds, frequent lightning, and hail to baseball sized. This storm caused extensive hail damage along the path of its hail swath. A few brush fires were also started from lightning, with smoke noted interacting with the airflow around the core of the supercell. This supercell also had a striking visual appearance, with a "mothership" / stacked-plates presentation. The chase vehicle had hail guards covering the windows, with damage mainly large dings to the hood. Some funnels were also observed, with one large one, possibly a brief tornado, observed to the NW of Seymour while still in baseball sized hail looking southwest. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video, digital stills, and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

7). May 13, 4:30 PM - Observation of a strong to severe thunderstorm northwest of Canadian, Texas in Hemphill and Lipscomb Counties near Highway 60. The storm was an LP supercell. The core (probably with 1" hail) was not penetrated. Some lightning was also observed. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, dryline, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video (including a time-lapse) and digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

8). May 13, 6:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm near Sweetwater, Oklahoma in Cheyenne and Beckham Counties near SR 152 / 6. The storm was a small classic supercell. The core was indirectly penetrated during its earlier stages and quarter sized hail was encountered briefly. Some rain and lightning was also observed. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

9). May 13, 7:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Sayre, Oklahoma in Backham County near SR 152. The storm was a small classic supercell, with a distinct left and right split. The core (with 1.5" hail reported) was not directly penetrated. Some lightning was also observed, with rain, 60 MPH winds, and small hail. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video (including a time-lapse) and digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

10). May 14, 6:00 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Emporia and SW of Americus, Kansas in Lyon and Morris Counties near SR 99. The storm was a small classic supercell storm that undergone down-scaling and split, with the right split intensifying and becoming the main storm. The storm core was indirectly penetrated, and hail up to 1" was observed. Heavy rains, lightning, and 35 MPH winds were also encountered. The storm also had a striking visual appearance, with a tilted "barber pole" updraft, flared "bell shaped" base, and rotating wall cloud / RFD cut. Some small funnels were also observed with this storm before it cycled down and weakened. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, pre-frontal convergence, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT the next day.

11). May 15, 6:00 PM - Interception and Observation of a severe thunderstorm near Calhan, Colorado in El Paso County, and near SR 94 and Highway 24. The storm was a classic supercell storm, developing on the Colorado Palmer Divide. An area of strong rotation, with a pronounced wall cloud and RFD cleat slot was noted with this storm. A few small funnels were also observed. The core of the storm, containing golfball sized hail, was not penetrated. Frequent lightning, 30 MPH winds, and light rain were observed to the south of the storm core. The storm also had a striking visual appearance, with striations and inflow banding. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, up-slope wind flow, and an upper trough. Documentation was time-lapse video and digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

12). May 17, 5:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a strong thunderstorm near Forrest, Illinois in Livingston County, and near SR 47 and Highway 24. The storm was a mart of an extensive cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms, mainly in a line. An area of rotation was noted with this storm, with a brief funnel, wrapping in rain. The storm also produced occasional lightning, very heavy rains, and winds gusting near 50 MPH. Severe flash flooding was also observed with these storms. Conditions causing the storms were limited surface heating, a low pressure area, cold / warm front interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was HD video and digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

13). May 21, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation a very severe thunderstorm west of Syracuse, Kansas, along Highway 50 in Hamilton County. The storm was a powerful HP supercell undergoing evolution to a line segment, and merged with a smaller LP supercell just its east near Kendall. Some brief (small land-spout) tornadoes were reported with this storm earlier, but were not directly observed. The storm contained baseball sized hail and 70 MPH winds, but the core was not penetrated. Winds near 50 MPH, small hail, frequent lightning, and heavy rain were observed with this storm. The storm had both a wall cloud and impressive gust front / shelf cloud during its outflow stages. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, cold front, and an upper trough. Documentation digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

14). May 21, 7:00 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm between Ulysses and Lakin, Kansas, along SR 25 in Kearney County. The storm was a large HP supercell storm, and had an extreme visual appearance south of Lakin during its intense stages, with multiple "stacked-plates" or "mothership" presentation. A rotating wall cloud was noted on the NE side of the storm, with strong inflow to 50 MPH, and RFD kicking up dust. Some funnels were also observed, and a brief tornado (not intercept) was later reported as the storm weakened towards Garden City. Conditions encountered were frequent lightning, winds over 70 MPH, hail up to golfball sized, and torrential rains. The penetration of the storm was through the wet RFD region, avoiding the larger hail to the north with the forward flank of the storm. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

15). May 21, 8:30 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration another very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm near Satanta and Sublette, Kansas, from near Highway 83 in Haskell County. The storm was a supercell storm going from LP to Classic, and ultimately HP in a complex evolution. This storm also had an impressive visual presentation, with multiple "stacked-plates" or a "mothership" appearance when viewed from a truck stop near Sublette. A rotating wall cloud was noted with a large funnel. Tornado touchdown could not be confirmed due to low light. Very strong inflow exceeding 50 MPH was noted with this storm, with some papers and light debris being pulled towards the storm. The RFD presented a wind shift, and contained winds over 70 MPH, which was penetrated during the later stages of the storm. Other conditions encountered were frequent lightning, hail to 1", and torrential rains. The main core was not penetrated. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline / boundary interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video (including a storm time-lapse). A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

16). May 22, 6:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Davidson, Oklahoma in Tillman County near Highway 70, and southeastward through Burkburnett, Texas near I-44 and SR 79, until near Petrolia in Clay County. The storm was a classic to HP supercell storm. At least one weak tornado, with a funnel and rotating wall cloud, with ground contact denoted by dust, was observed during the early stages of the storm. This thunderstorm produced extremely large hail, possible record-setting, with pieces crashing through roofs of homes, especially near Burkburnett. Powerlines down and wind damage was also noted in Clay County east of Shepard Air Force Base. This storm also had an impressive "stacked-plates" visual appearance. The core of this storm was not directly penetrated, although hail exceeding baseball sized was observed. The storm also developed a well-defined RFD, with a distinct clear slot and winds gusting to near 80 MPH. A smaller second tornado was observed as well off FM 171. In addition to extremely large hail and weak tornadoes, winds gusting near 80 MPH, frequent lightning (with close hits), and torrential, horizontal rains were also observed. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure area, outflow boundary / dryline interactions, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

17). May 23, 4:30 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very severe and tornadic thunderstorm from near Pecatonica in Winnebago County, Illinois by Highway 20, and points northeastward to near Beloit and Clinton, Wisconsin in Rock County near I-39 and I-43. The storm was a small classic to HP supercell storm. At least two weak tornadoes were observed with this supercell thunderstorm, one northwest of Rockford, IL, and another west of Clinton, WI. The latter became rain wrapped quickly. Torrential rains, 65 MPH winds, occasional lightning, and small hail was also encountered with this storm. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure system, warm front, convergence line, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch as also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

18). May 23, 6:30 PM - Penetration of a severe, and possibly tornadic, thunderstorm in McHenry County, Illinois to the east of Marengo along Highway 20. The storm was an HP supercell storm embedded in a line segment of strong and severe thunderstorms. A strong rotation signature was evident on radar, but just shifting, strong winds were observed east of Marengo. The storm was completely rain wrapped, with a brief glimpse of a rotating wall cloud / rapidly up-drafting scud on the eastern edge of the storm. Conditions encountered were occasional lightning, 60 MPH winds, torrential rains, and small hail. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure system, warm front, convergence line, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch as also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

19). May 24, 4:00 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Jamesport, Missouri in Daviess County, and near Highway 65, and SR 6 and B. The storm was a brief HP supercell storm, developing at the end of a line segment. The storm had a rotating wall cloud before quickly becoming undercut by outflow. The storm evolved into a multicell storm cluster, then a line by late afternoon as it was followed north and east toward near Spickard. Conditions encountered were small hail, 60 MPH winds, torrential rains, and lightning. The main core was not penetrated during the intense stages of the storm, and contained hail to half-dollar sized. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, warm front, convergence line, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch as also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

20). May 25, 6:00 PM - Observation of a strong thunderstorm from Highway 30 east of Cedar Rapids, Iowa in Linn County. The storm was a brief supercell that evolved to a multicell cluster and down-scaled. The core was not penetrated, but a brief funnel, about 1/3 way to the ground, was noted on the southern side of this storm. Conditions causing the storms were a surface heating, a weakening low pressure area, convergence, and weak upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm.

21). May 26, 3:00 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of severe and tornadic thunderstorms in a cluster from northwest of Des Moines, Iowa near Dallas County and Highway 169, and northward to near Goldfield in Humboldt County and SR 6 / I-35. The storm cluster contained areas of intense low level rotation, with embedded classing / HP mini supercells. Three tornadoes were observed with these storms, one west of Granger, another near Ogden, and one north near Goldfield. Other conditions encountered were torrential rains, occasional lightning, small hail, and 60 MPH winds. No damage was observed, as any tornadoes remained over open rural areas and were not long lasting. Conditions causing the storms were a surface heating, a low pressure area, shear / confluence axis, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM CDT.

22). June 2, 5:00 PM - Observation and penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm from southwest of Mankato, Minnesota in Blue Earth County and Highway 169, and south and east through Freeborn County and near Geneva an I-35 / SR 30. The storm was a powerful classic supercell storm (on the eastern part of a cluster of strong and severe storms) that evolved to HP, and eventually a bow segment. This supercell storm was documented during its entire life-cycle, from initiation (out of a TCU field west of Mankato) to evolution to a bow segment near Geneva. The storm produced large hail to tennis ball sized (although when the core was penetrated, hail to 2" was observed), lightning, torrential rains, and winds exceeding 75 MPH. Some funnels and gustnadoes, with one dust cloud observed under a funnel / wall cloud (possible tornado) north of Mapleton. The storm caused damage to powerlines, and trees were observed being blown over. Some semi-trucks were also noted overturned on I-35 north of Albert Lea and near Geneva. The storms were caused by surface heating, a weak low pressure area, nearly stationary frontal boundary, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills, HD video, and audio. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 12 AM CDT.

23). June 3, 4:30 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Cherry County, Nebraska near Highway 83. The storm was a classic supercell storm, which split and evolved into a multicell storm cluster. The storm had hail up to 2", and during an indirect penetration of the south side of the storm core, hail to 1" was observed, covering the ground. The storm also contained lightning, heavy rains, and winds exceeding 70 MPH. A rotating wall cloud was also observed before the storm became undercut and outflow dominant. The storms were caused by surface heating, a low pressure trough, and an upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 7 PM MDT (8 PM CDT).

24). June 4, 5:30 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a severe thunderstorm from near Faith, South Dakota in Meade County and SR 73 and southeastward near and south of the Cheyenne Indian Reservation along SR 34. The storm was a long-track, classic to HP supercell storm that became outflow dominant and evolved to a bow segment before weakening near I-90 SW of Pierre. The storm was mostly observed externally during the long-range intercept. Once encountering the storm, strong winds over 60 MPH, heavy rains, lightning, and hail to 1" was encountered. The storm core had hail to baseball sized earlier, before it was penetrated. The storm also had a low wall cloud and RFD clear slot, but was undercut by outflow. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a stationary frontal boundary, low pressure trough, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM MDT (11 PM CDT).

25). June 4, 8:00 PM - Observation of a severe thunderstorm south of Wall, South Dakota, mainly over Pennington County and near Interior from I-90. The storm was a classic supercell storm that passed over the eastern part of Rapid City earlier as an HP storm with a large swath of hail left there. When the storm was observed, a large wall cloud and brief funnel was noted looking south from I-90. The storm core, over the Badlands National Park, was not penetrated. Lightning, light rain, and 40 MPH winds were also noted at my location. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a stationary frontal boundary, low pressure trough, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM MDT (11 PM CDT).

26). June 6, 8:00 PM - Observation and penetration of severe thunderstorms from Butte County, South Dakota near Newell and Highway 21, north and east to near SR 79 and Highway 12 in NE Perkins County. The storm was part of a large area of severe thunderstorms, most likely a derecho, in an extensive linear / bow MCS. The gust front and shelf cloud presented a striking visual appearance on the leading edge of this system. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, winds over 70 MPH, lightning, and small hail. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, surface trough, warm front, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 1 AM MDT (12 AM CDT) the following day.

27). June 7, 5:30 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm near Kennedy, Minnesota in Kittson County, and near Highway 75 and SR 20. The storm was a classic supercell that evolved into a line segment, and eventually pushed into Canada. For a while, a rotating wall cloud was observed with this storm, with a brief funnel. The core was not penetrated, but contained hail to quarter sized. Light rain, lightning, and 45 MPH inflow winds were observed with this storm. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a warm front, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

28). June 7, 7:30 PM - Interception and penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Argyle, Minnesota in Marshall County, and along Highway 75. The storm was a small classic supercell. The storm was high-based and became undercut by cooler air ahead of the warm front. Hail to quarter sized, heavy rain, lightning, and 50 MPH winds were observed with this storm. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a warm front, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

29). June 7, 8:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm north of Alvarado, Minnesota in Marshall County, near SR 1 and SR 220. The storm was also a small classic supercell, which as also high-based and became undercut by cooler air east of the warm front / outflow from other storms. Small hail, heavy rain, lightning, and 50 MPH winds were observed with this storm. The core was not directly penetrated. Conditions causing this storm were surface heating, a warm front / outflow boundary interactions, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

30). June 7, 9:30 PM - Penetration of severe thunderstorms along I-29 from Traill County, North Dakota near Buxton, and southward to Cass county north of Fargo. The storm was a powerful MCS of strong and severe thunderstorms. Blowing dust and small gustnadoes were visible on the leading edge of this multicell cluster / line of thunderstorms. Winds gusting over 70 MPH were encountered, with torrential rains, small hail, and frequent lightning. Conditions causing these storms were surface heating, boundary interactions, low pressure area, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storms. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

31). June 8, 8:00 PM - Interception and observation of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm near Arnold, Nebraska in Custer County, along SR 92 northwest of Broken Bow. The storm was a powerful HP supercell storm at the south end of a cluster of severe thunderstorms. The core of this storm was not penetrated, and contained hail exceeding 2" with strong winds. Inflow winds over 50 MPH were encountered with a rotating wall cloud, and broad tornado under the rotating portion of the supercell. A loud hail roar was also audible, and frequent lightning was also observed, with some close hits. The supercell had an impressive visual presentation, with striations and inflow banding, and "stacked plates" appearance. The storm remained over open areas and did little damage. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure trough, stationary frontal boundary, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 2 AM CDT the following day.

32). June 9, 6:00 PM - Observation of severe thunderstorms from near Bellview, Kansas in Washington County along Highways 81 and 36, and eastward to north of Marysville, and eventually to near Falls City, Nebraska near Highway 73 in Richardson County. The storms were a broken line of severe thunderstorms, along a confluence arc, extending east and southeast from a surface low over Kansas. Some of these storms were small classic supercells. The cores were not penetrated, and two small funnels were observed. One of these cells near Marysville produced a funnel (not observed) that was reported as a brief tornado (unconfirmed). Some lightning, rain, and 40 MPH winds were otherwise encountered, with small hail noted on the side of the road behind the storms. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, convergence line, cold front, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A tornado watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

33). June 20, 5:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of an extremely severe and tornadic thunderstorm in Blaine County, Nebraska from north of SR 91 near Dunning, Halsey, and Purdum. The storm was a powerful classic supercell developing in the northwest flow aloft. The storm had winds over 60 MPH, large hail (to baseball sized), frequent lightning, and heavy rains. At least two brief tornadoes were also observed with this storm, one between Halsey and Purdum, and another northeast of Dunning. Hail between 1.5" and 2" was also noted in the road northeast of Dunning. The core was only indirectly penetrated. No damage was observed since the main part of the storm remained over rural areas. This supercell had a striking visual appearance as well, with a pronounced RFD clear slot, and multiple striations on the updraft tower. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, convergence line, and upper trough (NW flow aloft). Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

34). June 20, 7:00 PM - Interception, observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm in Custer County, Nebraska along SR 2 between Oconta and Callaway. The storm was a powerful classic supercell that evolved to LP (low precipitation), and eventually dissipated via down-scaling. Conditions encountered were 50 MPH winds (mainly RFD), light rain, lightning, and hail up to golfball sized. The storm produced some small funnels, one about half way to the ground. This supercell had a very striking visual appearance as well, with a pronounced RFD clear slot, and "stacked-plates" appearance of the updraft with a "mother ship" presentation when viewed just ahead of it. When the storm evolved to LP and weakened, a highly-sheared, multiple striation "barber pole" appearance was noted. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, convergence line, and upper trough (NW flow aloft). Documentation was digital stills and HD video. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

35). June 21, 6:00 PM - Interception and observation of severe thunderstorms from near Dodge City, Kansas in Ford County and along Highways 283 and 54, and southward to near Liberal near the KS / OK border in Seward and Beaver counties. The storms were a multicell cluster of severe storms, with some embedded supercells, and mostly outflow dominant. A "tail-end" supercell was encountered northeast of Liberal as well. Strong winds near 65 MPH, with lots of dust, frequent lightning, and light rain was observed. The hail cores of the storms were not penetrated. The dust raised by the gust front of the storm complex also created a haboob of dust. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure area, dryline / stationary front, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills and HD video (time-lapse). A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 10 PM CDT.

36). June 22, 5:30 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in Union and Harding Counties, New Mexico near SR 102 / 402. The storm was a high-based severe thunderstorm, and briefly attained HP supercell mode before evolving into a cluster of storms. Very heavy rains, small hail, frequent lightning with some close hits, and 60 MPH winds were encountered. The core of the storm, with golfball sized hail, was not directly penetrated. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure trough, up-slope wind flow, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used to chase the storm. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 11 PM CDT.

37). June 22, 7:00 PM - Interception and indirect penetration of a very severe and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Sherman and Moore Counties, Texas, northeast of Dumas and near Highway 287 and Ranch 281. The storm was a powerful HP supercell storm. The core of this storm, with hail up to baseball sized, was not directly penetrated. This supercell eventually was undercut by outflow, but had a dramatic visual appearance, with a "stacked plates" base and striations above it. A large wall cloud was also observed, with a gustnado / brief, dusty weak tornado observed southwest of Sunray. Other conditions encountered were 70 MPH winds, heavy rains, frequent lightning with close hits, and hail to 1". Some tree / sign damage was noted in Dumas, and a trailer overturned with emergency crew on scene south of Dumas off Highway 287. Conditions causing the storm were surface heating, a low pressure trough, boundary interactions, and upper trough. Documentation was digital stills. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler was used

38). July 12, 5:00 PM - Interception and observation of a severe thunderstorm in Lincoln County, Colorado along Highway 40, between Hugo and Boyero. The storm was a small classic supercell that evolved to a bow segment and later weakened. The core of the storm contained at least 1" hail, but it was not penetrated. Other conditions encountered were occasional lightning, some rain, and winds gusting near 40 MPH near the storm. Conditions causing the storm were a surface heating, up-slope wind flow, a low pressure trough, and an approaching upper trough. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and HD time-lapse video. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

39). July 12, 6:15 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very severe, and possibly tornadic thunderstorm in Cheyenne County, Colorado, and near Cheyenne Wells along Highways 40 and 385. The storm was a multicell cluster of storms that evolved to a supercell storm, with cloud tops as high as 65,000 feet. Looking to the SE west of Cheyenne Wells, a possible tornado developed, shrouded by rain and appearing as rotating dust. The storm core also had hail up to 2", with some pieces observed at 1" before turning around. The storm also had winds near 70 MPH, frequent lightning, and very heavy rain. Some tree damage and flash flooding was noted near Cheyenne Wells. Conditions causing the storm were a surface heating, up-slope wind flow, a low pressure trough, and an approaching upper trough. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

40). July 13, 8:00 PM - Observation, and indirect penetration of a very severe thunderstorm to the southwest and towards North Platte, Nebraska in Lincoln County, south of I-80 and near SR 23 and Highway 83. The storm was a cluster of severe thunderstorms, with a powerful HP storm, then evolved to a line / bow segment. The storm contained hail to golfball sized and winds gusting over 80 MPH. The core was not directly penetrated. Conditions encountered were 70 MPH wind gusts, frequent lightning, and moderate rain. The storm caused tree damage and power outages in North Platte. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and stationary frontal zone. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 12 AM CDT (the following day).

41). July 14, 5:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm near Rush, Colorado in Lincoln County and west of Punkin Center along SR 94. The storm was a small, classic supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud was noted on the SW side of the supercell before it weakened. The main core was not directly penetrated, and conditions encountered were moderate rain, frequent lightning, 60 MPH winds, and hail up to 1". Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and up-slope wind flow. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills, time-lapse video, and audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

42). July 14, 7:15 PM - Interception, observation, and penetration of a very severe thunderstorm near Ordway, Colorado in Crowley County along SR 71 and 96. The storm was a powerful HP supercell storm. A rotating wall cloud was noted approaching the storm from the north. The storm also produced some brief rain wrapped vortices as it evolved to an MCS and produced strong winds. Conditions encountered were torrential rain, frequent lightning, at least 70 MPH winds, and hail up to 1". Some tree damage and flooding was noted in Ordway as well. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and up-slope wind flow. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

43). July 15, 3:15 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in El Paso County, Colorado, near Myers Road. The storm was an LP supercell that evolved to classic mode, and weakened via down-scaling later on. Conditions encountered were hail from 3/4" to 1", lightning, heavy rains, and 50 MPH wind gusts. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and up-slope wind flow. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

44). July 15, 4:30 PM - Observation and indirect penetration of a severe thunderstorm in El Paso County, Colorado, along I-25 and south of Colorado Springs. The storm was a classic to HP supercell that evolved to a line segment. Conditions encountered were hail to 3/4", lightning, torrential rains, and 60 MPH wind gusts. Conditions causing the storms were surface heating, a low pressure trough, upper trough, and up-slope wind flow. A 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills and audio. A severe thunderstorm watch was valid for the area until 9 PM MDT.

45). Aug 24, AFTERNOON - Observation of the coastal effects of tropical storm "Marco" near Grand Isle, Louisiana in Jefferson Parish and along SR 1. The storm was a minimal tropical storm that approached southern Louisiana before weakening to a tropical depression a day later. Conditions observed were some minor street / coastal flooding, 30 to 40 MPH winds, heavy rain, and 4 to 6 foot waves in the Gulf of Mexico. The diffuse center and mild wind shift was also noted as the storm made landfall near Lafayette. A 2020 Nissan Rogue was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills. A tropical storm warning and tornado watch were in effect near and in these areas.

46). Aug 26-27, ALL DAYS - Interception, observation, and penetration of strong category-4 hurricane "Laura" in southwestern Louisiana near Lake Charles in Calcasieu Parish and near I-10 / I-210 and SR 27. The storm was a high-end category-4 hurricane with winds of 150 MPH, making landfall near Cameron during midnight on August 26-27, and making a direct hit on Lake Charles, Louisiana during the wee hours of the morning on August 27. During the day on August 26, large waves, 10-15 feet high, were noted in Holly Beach and west of Cameron along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. These waves washed over SR 82 in some areas, and caused flooding in Holly Beach well in advance of the storm. These places, especially Cameron, were subsequently destroyed during the storm. The main observation was done in Lake Charles, at the Christus / St Patrick medical center, in a parking garage (with permission), where several other storm chasers were stationed (Scott Peake, Tim Marshall, etc). A possible tornado, completely rain wrapped, brushed by during the late evening of August 26 in Lake Charles. Winds gusting near 100 MPH and violently shifting winds were noted. After midnight, extremely heavy / violent rain, flying debris, lightning, and winds gusting 130 to 150 MPH were observed, as this location experienced the powerful right-front quadrant of the eyewall and "hot convective chimney" cell. Inside the eye, conditions let up to breezy with no rain, and stars visible through breaks in the low, fast moving clouds. Some eyewall lightning was observed through breaks in these clouds, with a brief view of the "stadium effect" visible! The second half of the storm was much weaker, with 100+ MPH winds and moderate to heavy rains. Pressure measured in the storm eye at my location was 954 MB (the center was as low was 948 MB at the time). Both radars, KPOE and KLCH from the NWS offices were damaged by the storm, with KLCH being completely destroyed, eerily similar to KSJU in Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017. At landfall, central pressure ranged from 937 to 945 MB. This was the worst hurricane to hit SW Louisiana in history! Damage in Lake Charles was extensive, with many trees down, powerlines strewn across the road, structural damage to many buildings and homes, some with complete destruction. Roofs were noted turn off, a radio tower collapsed, and many windows blown out in the Capital One bank building sky-scraper. Storm surge flooding was also noted in Lake Charles, since storm surge penetrated many miles inland. A barge was jammed under the I-210 bridge and a toxic chemical fire was on-going south of I-10. Damage (and lack of cell service) extended eastward towards Iowa, Louisiana, where I hit debris in I-10, blowing out two passenger tires, destroying the rim, and requiring a long and slow "limp" to Jennings (which had cell service) to get towed to Lafayette. The main vehicle, a 2020 Nissan Rogue, was exchanged for a new vehicle in Lafayette, a 2020 Chevy Malibu. Hurricane Laura caused 81 fatalities and over 23 billion dollars in damages. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A hurricane warning, storm surge warning, and tornado watch were also in effect for the area during the chase.

47). Oct 9, AFTERNOON - Interception, observation, and penetration of strong category-2 hurricane "Delta" in southwestern Louisiana southeast of Lake Charles in Cameron Parish and near SR 27. The storm was a category-2 hurricane with winds of 100 to 105 MPH, making landfall near Creole during the afternoon and evening of October 9. Unfortunately, this storm affected the same areas devastated by hurricane "Laura" back in late August. The eye of the hurricane made landfall at roughly 6 PM CDT in Creole, Louisiana, with 100+ MPH winds and a central pressure of 970 MB. The storm was observed mostly in Creole, with a a storm surge of 12 feet sweeping across the destroyed town. Extremely torrential, sideways, and violent rain was observed as the northern / right-front quadrant of the eyewall passed over. Winds in this area gusted over 100 MPH, mainly from an easterly direction. Extreme flooding and tree damage was observed, along with downed powerlines and trees. The calm eye was encountered as the storm made landfall, with dead-calm conditions, and low / foggy clouds giving way to brief glimpses of blue sky overhead. A pressure of 972 MB was measured inside the eye, roughly 3 miles north of Creole. Birds were observed flying overhead and craw-craw fish crossing SR 27 in the eye, with a low "roar" audible from the south (storm surge and swift moving waters / surf). Meteorologist Derek Sibley joined me on this chase, and his portable anemometer measured an 84 MPH gust near ground level during the peak of the storm. Chaser Doug Kiesling was also in Creole, and contributed some video documentation to our group as well, flying a camera drone inside the eye. As the eye passed on, winds returned from the northwest, gusting over 80 MPH, with moderate rain. Occasional lightning was also observed in the convection around the eye. A 2020 Nissan Versa was used to chase the storm. Documentation was digital stills, audio, and HD video. A hurricane warning and storm surge warning were also in effect for the area during the chase. Damage was over 3 billion dollars and 6 fatalities.

Summary - This concludes the 2020 chase season. The summary includes a total of 47 observations, out of which there were 41 severe thunderstorms, 3 strong thunderstorms, 1 tropical storm, and 2 hurricanes (one of which a major hurricane). Out of these thunderstorms, as many as 15 possible tornadoes were observed, although most of these were weak and brief. A 2016 Jeep Wrangler vehicle was used in 37 of the chases / observations, a 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse in 7, a 2020 Nissan Rogue in 2, and 2020 Nissan Versa in one. All entries for the logs above are for the local time zone unless otherwise noted. This information was prepared exclusively for the National Weather service and the team of Skywarn storm spotters.

1). Apr 11, 2:30 PM - Penetration of strong to severe thunderstorms from near Okeechobee, Florida in Martin County near and along Highways 70 and 710, and east and southeast through Indiantown and into northern West Palm Beach in Palm Beach County. The storms were part of a large multicell cluster of strong and severe thunderstorms moving southeastward from central Florida. Conditions encountered were heavy rains, frequent lightning, small hail, and winds gustin from 60 to 70 MPH. Some tree damage and flooding was observed with these storms. The storms were caused by a low pressure trough, surface heating, outflow boundaries, and an upper trough. A 2021 Chevy Equinox was used to chase the storms. Documentation was digital stills. A severe thunderstorm watch was also valid for the area until 8 PM EDT.